龄

The activities of carboxylesterase、glutathion-S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase per insect increase greatly and the properities of esterase and acetylcholinesterase change also throughout larval development from 1-day-old to 4th instar. The affinity for Asch and the sensitivity to insecticide of acetylcholinesterase in 3rd instar larvae are significantly lower than that in 4-day-old larvae.

幼虫从1日龄生长到4龄时，单头幼虫的羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活力急剧增长，4龄幼虫相对于1日龄幼虫，HJ-R、HD-S上述3种酶系的活力分别增长了148、172.6、65.6倍和203、60.9、77.4倍；生长过程中，全酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶的性质也发生变异，特别是从4日龄生长到3龄时，乙酰胆碱酯酶的米氏常数、双分子速率常数均发生明显的改变，3龄幼虫乙酰胆碱酯酶对底物的亲和力以及对杀虫剂的敏感性显著低于4日龄幼虫。

The results indicated that the forager of minimum instar is 3 days old, the collecting syrup quantity of 13-27 days old workers was the highest. Each worker collected 69.44 75.25 mg the syrup once. The quantity of collecting syrup of marked workers under 12 days old is unstable, but it tends to be stable with the increase of growth of the workers. At the measuring site, 11 day old marked workers began to increase obviously till 28 days.

结果表明，采集蜂最小日龄为3日龄，13～27日龄段的工蜂采蜜量最高，每只蜜蜂每次采集69.44～75.25 mg；12日龄以前的标记蜂采蜜量不稳定，随着日龄的增长逐渐趋于稳定；在测定地点，标记蜂11日龄开始明显增多，直到28日龄后减少。

When comparing USFA concentration, it tended to be higher in female. Breast meat contained significantly higher saturated fatty acid (P.001) and leaf fat contained significantly higher USFA (P.001). C18:2 content from birds kept in wet pad type housing increased significantly between 10-11-wk old; at 10-12-wk old, the increment in male was significant while gradient increment was noted in female between 11-12-wk old. The content of USFA in breast meat tended to increase gradually with age and vice versa for SFA after 12-wk old. The trend for SFA and USFA content in thigh meat were gradual after 7-wk old while no considerable change was noted for the SFA and USFA content in the leaf fat.

胸肉含有显著较高之总饱和脂肪酸(P.001)，腹脂含有显著较高之USFA(P.001)。C18：2含量在水帘式畜舍在10到11周龄之间有一明显的增加，开放式畜舍则在11到12周龄之间有一明显的增加；公鸡部分在10到12周龄之间有一明显的增加，母鸡部分则在11到12周龄之间有逐渐增加之趋势；不同部位的部分则可以发现，胸肉中USFA含量，会随著周龄的增加而有逐渐增加的趋势，SFA则反之，且皆在12周龄以后趋於平缓，腿肉中之SFA及USFA含量，皆在7周龄以后趋於平缓，腹脂中之SFA及USFA含量，在全期则变化不大。

There are 95.0 and 65.3 days in the lymph nodules, but the difference between the number of days each little, Along with the growth of age is gradually increasing the size of the lymph nodules; Harderian gland acinar Rebuilding area and the number increased with age, the growth and the increasing trend, 30, 60, 4 between 90 and 120 days of modest changes, but 30, 60 and 10 days. 90 and 120 days compared to larger changes.

淋巴小结在1～120日龄都存在，但数量各个日龄之间相差不大，，随着日龄的增长淋巴小结的面积有逐渐增大的趋势；哈德氏腺小叶的面积和腺泡的数量随着日龄的增长有增大和增加的趋势，30、60、90和120日龄4者之间变化的幅度不大，但是10日龄与30、60、90和120日龄相比变化幅度较大。

Histological structures of bursas of Fabricius were observed at the different developmental stages from chicken embryoes to chickens. The results were as follows. The bursa of Fabricius began to develop on the 13th day of post-hatching and its cell aggregated into the nodosity clique underneath the epithelium mucosae. On the 15th day of post-hatching, those cell cliques were surrounded by the flat epithelium and formed the basic structure of folliculus lymphaticus. The number of lymphocytes in the folliculus lymphaticus increased gradually, and the medulla and cortex of a majority of folliculus were not discriminated obviously. Until on the 7th day for chickens, the medulla and cortex of folliculus formed completely and the number of folliculus increased significantly. From 21 to 35 days old, the folliculus lymphaticus transformed from polygon into rectangle. Mucosa epithelial cells increased gradually and their cytoblasts arranged compactly into aline in the basilar part on the 35th day.

本研究观察了从鸡胚到出壳后的不同生长发育阶段法氏囊的组织结构，结果表明：胚胎13日龄时，法氏囊开始发育，粘膜上皮下形成结节状细胞集团；胚胎15日龄，聚集的细胞集团形成初始的淋巴滤泡；胚胎18日龄到出壳后1日龄，滤泡内淋巴细胞数量增多，多数滤泡髓质和皮质界限仍不明显；7日龄雏鸡法氏囊髓质皮质分界清晰，滤泡数量显著增多；21日龄到35日龄，滤泡由多边形逐渐转变成长方形；在35日龄时，粘膜上皮细胞逐渐增多，排列紧密，细胞核紧密排列成直线位于基底部。

Methods 120 healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups after adaptative feeding for one week: 4month control (4C) group, 14month control (14C) group, 14month JL (14JL) group, 24month control (24C) group,24month JL (24JL) group and (1424)month JL (1424JL) group, 20 rats per group, male and female were half to half in every group.

选用Wistar大鼠120只，适应性喂养1 w后随机分为6组：4月龄空白对照组（4C组）、14月龄空白对照组（14C组）、14月龄加味青麟丸组（14JL组）、24月龄空白对照组（24C组）、24月龄加味青麟丸组（24JL组）和14～24月龄加味青麟丸组（14～24JL组），每组各20只，雌雄各半。各组均按实验设计要求分别喂养后剖检。

The body weights of SSB fed on control rice after feeding on KMD1 for 36h were very significantly lower on day 0 and day 3, and significantly lower on day 9, compared with those of the control. Parasitism rates of host larvae fed on KMD1 by Apanteles chilonis were significantly (3th instar) or very significantly (4th and 5th instar) lower than those of the control host.

二化螟绒茧蜂寄生取食过KMD1的二化螟后，三个龄期幼虫的寄生率都显著下降，其中4龄和5龄达极显著水平；3龄和4龄上的结茧率显著低于对照；蜂蛹历期均短于对照，但仅3龄差异显著；从5龄幼虫所羽化的雄蜂寿命显著短于对照；蜂茧长显著短于对照；而对卵+幼虫期、茧块大小、蜂羽化率及性比均无显著影响。

The results of study show:1. White pulp and red pulp in parenchyma of spleen of embryo can be obviously discerned after 18 days. Periarterial lymphoid sheath and ellipsoid periarterial lymphoid sheath also can be obviously discerned in spleen of 4 days chicken. T, B lymphocytes in appendix basement of embryo emerge after 20 days. It is the initial shape of cecal tonsil. Crypt structure of conjunction of esophago and stomachus glandularis form obviously at 4 days. It is the initial shape of esophago tonsil. The germinal center firstly emerges in these three organs at 14 days. With the increase of day age, the characteristic structure peripheral immune organs gradually develop mature. Spleen achieve mature at 21 days and cecal tonsil at 35 days.2. IgM~+ and IgA~+ cells in spleen of embryo emerge at 15 days. IgG~+ cell, CD3~+ and CD8~+T lymphocytes of embryo emerge at 20 days. CD3~+, CD8~+ and IgM~+ cells in cecal tonsil of embryo emerge at 20 days. However CD4~+, IgG~+ and IgA~+ cells all emerge in 1 day age chicken out of crust. CD3~+, CD4~+, CD8~+, IgM~+ and IgG~+ cells in esophago tonsil of embryo all emerge at 20 days. However IgA~+ cells emerge in 1 day age chicken out of crust.3. The amount of T, B lymphocytes in peripheral immune organs increase follow with the increase of day age, and hold an upgrade tendency. The amount of T, B lymphocytes in spleen achieved stabilization at 21 days, and in tonsil of esophago and appendix at 35 days.

研究结果表明：1、在组织结构方面，脾脏实质内的白髓与红髓在胚胎18日龄后明显可辨，4日龄雏鸡脾脏中形成明显可辨的动脉周围淋巴鞘和椭球周围淋巴鞘；盲肠基部T、B淋巴细胞在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，即初步形成盲肠扁桃体；食管与腺胃结合处在4日龄时形成明显的隐窝结构，即食管扁桃体初步形成；14日龄时，三种器官中首次出现生发中心；随着日龄的增长，外周免疫器官特征结构不断发育成熟，脾脏在21日龄时达到成熟水平，盲肠扁桃体和食管扁桃体在35日龄时达到成熟水平。2、在T、B淋巴细胞出现时间方面，脾脏中IgM~+和IgA~+细胞在胚胎15日龄时开始出现，IgG~+细胞、CD3~+和CD8~+T淋巴细胞在胚胎18日龄时出现，CD4~+细胞在胚胎20日龄时出现；盲肠扁桃体中CD3~+、CD8~+和IgM~+细胞在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，而CD4~+、IgG~+和IgA~+细胞均在雏鸡出壳后1日龄时出现；食管扁桃体中CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、IgM~+和IgG~+细胞均在胚胎20日龄时开始出现，而IgA~+细胞则在雏鸡出壳后1日龄时出现。3、在T、B淋巴细胞数量变化方面，外周免疫器官中T、B淋巴细胞的数量随日龄增长，整体均呈上升趋势。

CD8~+ cell is the main T lymphocyte subset in spleen, and B lymphocyte mainly is IgG~+ cell, moreover the amount of these B lymphocytes could exceed CD3~+ T lymphocyte subset after 7 days. CD8~+ cell is the main T lymphocyte subset in tonsil of appendix, and B lymphocyte is IgM~+ cell, and the amount could exceed CD3~+ T lymphocytes after 35 days. After 21 days, B lymphocytes in esophago tonsil are the main IgA~+ cells and the amount exceeds CD3~+ lymphocytes. The amount of CD4~+ lymphocytes is more than CD8+ lymphocytes.4. CD3~+、CD4~+ and CD8~+ T lymphocytes in spleen mainly distribute in periarterial lymphoid sheath. However IgM~+、IgG~+ and IgA~+ cells mainly distribute in ellipsoid periarterial lymphoid sheath and germinal center. T lymphocytes in appendix tonsil mainly distribute in middle and inferior part of mucous and the B lymphocytes mainly in middle and mucous between 4~7 days. Whereafter T, B lymphocytes equably distribute in mucous. CD4~+ cells arrange tightly and mainly occupy the central part in aggregates of T lymphocytes in esophago tonsil and CD8~+ lymphocytes mainly distribute in periphery. Meanwhile B lymphocytes encircle the periphery of aggregates of T lymphocytes. The aggregates of B lymphocytes is mainly the germinal center with lots of IgM~+、IgG~+ and IgA~+ cells. Meanwihle T lymphocytes encircle the periphery of aggregates of B lymphocytes.5. There is an intimate relationship between the development of tissue structure of peripheral immune organs and lymphcytopoiesis. The maturation of tissue structure is stimulated by the immigration of lymphocytes and the mature tissue structure provides place where lymphocytes grow mature and functionate.

脾脏在21日龄时达到稳定，食管扁桃体和盲肠扁桃体均在35日龄时达到稳定；脾脏中T淋巴细胞亚群以CD8~+细胞为主，B淋巴细胞则以IgG~+细胞为主，并在7日龄后数量超过CD3~+T淋巴细胞；盲肠扁桃体中T淋巴细胞亚群以CD8~+细胞为主，B淋巴细胞以IgM~+细胞为主，并在35日龄后数量超过CD3~+T淋巴细胞；21日龄后，食管扁桃体中B淋巴细胞以IgA~+细胞为主，数量超过CD3~+细胞，CD4~+细胞的数量多于CD8~+细胞。4、在T、B淋巴细胞组织定位方面，脾脏中CD3~+、CD4~+和CD8~+T淋巴细胞主要分布在动脉周围淋巴鞘中，而IgM~+、IgG~+和IgA~+细胞主要分布在椭球周围淋巴鞘和生发中心中；4～7日龄时，盲肠扁桃体中T淋巴细胞主要分布在粘膜固有层的中下部区域，而B淋巴细胞则主要分布在中上部区域，随后各日龄T、B淋巴细胞均匀地分布在粘膜固有层中；在食管扁桃体的T淋巴细胞聚集物中，CD4~+细胞紧密排列，主要占据中央部位，CD8~+细胞主要散布在外周，同时B淋巴细胞又环绕在整个T淋巴细胞聚集物的外周；B淋巴细胞聚集物主要为生发中心，其中存在大量IgM~+、IgG~+和IgA~+细胞，同时T淋巴细胞又环绕在整个B淋巴细胞聚集物的外周。5、外周免疫器官的组织结构发育和淋巴细胞发生之间存在密切的关系，淋巴细胞迁入淋巴器官刺激组织结构的发育成熟，同时成熟的组织结构又为淋巴细胞发育成熟并行使功能活动提供场所。

The results showed that there are two main fastigiums in death curve during the hatching penod, one is in 4-6 day and another is in 17-19 day. The rest embryo ages were divided into three phases by the two pinnacles and the difference of died embryo among three phases is not significant. The results in this paper is not incompletely consistent with commonly experience value.

结果表明，整个孵化期间，胚胎死亡主要有2个高峰，第1个高峰在孵化前期的4~6日龄，第2高峰期在孵化后期的17~19日龄，这2个胚胎死亡高峰期把剩下的各胚龄分为3个阶段：1~3日龄、7~16日龄、20~21日龄，这3个阶段的胚胎死亡皆差异不显著，本研究结果与一般经验值不完全一致。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。