鼻

Treatment of 6 cases of traumatic cerebrospinal rhinorrhea in frontal sinus by intranasal endoscopic surgery was reported. We adopt a procedure to open and enlarge the nasofrontal duct under direct vision by intranasal endoscopic surgery firstly and find the fistula, then repair it with its own smashed muscle, and support it with muscular membrane and gelfoam,iodoform pledget.

经鼻内窥镜外科治疗外伤性额窦脑脊液鼻漏6例，利用经鼻内窥镜外科技术开放和扩大鼻额管，在直视下找到瘘口，应用自体碎肌肉覆盖瘘口，外加肌膜和明胶海棉、碘仿纱条填塞，对于单纯内窥镜下手术有困难者，结合眉弓小切口联合额窦切开进行修补。

We adopt a procedure to open and enlarge the nasofrontal duct under direct vision by intranasal endoscopic surgery firstly and find the fistula, then repair it with its own smashed muscle, and support it with muscular membrane and gelfoam,iodoform pledget.

经鼻内窥镜外科治疗外伤性额窦脑脊液鼻漏6例，利用经鼻内窥镜外科技术开放和扩大鼻额管，在直视下找到瘘口，应用自体碎肌肉覆盖瘘口，外加肌膜和明胶海棉、碘仿纱条填塞，对于单纯内窥镜下手术有困难者，结合眉弓小切口联合额窦切开进行修补。

The characteristics of skull bones are; underdevelopment of paramostoid process of the occipital bone; unjointing of zygomatic process from its arch with no supraorbital foramen; formation of semiglobal structure by petrous temporal bone;no naso -maxillary notch between nasal bone and nasal process of premaxilla; unobvious facial surface of lacrimal bones;well-developed nasal process of premaxilla; no facial crest of maxillae's exterior;...

头骨的主要特征是：枕骨的颈交不发达，眶上突不与颧弓相连，无眶上孔；颞骨岩部形成半球形鼓泡，鼻骨与颌前骨的鼻突之间不形成鼻颌切迹；泪骨几乎无颜面部；颌前骨的鼻突发达；上颌骨外面无面嵴；腭骨发达；犁骨腹缘后部不与鼻腔底壁接触；下颌骨支下缘无血管切迹、垂直部后下方有一角突。

Nasal mucosa observation under rhinoscope: pale or grey or light purple nasal mucosa; swelling turbinate; thin or thick discharge in the nasal cavity.

鼻粘膜观察：经鼻窥镜观察见患者的下鼻甲粘膜颜色多呈苍白、淡白、灰白或淡紫色，下鼻甲多肿胀，鼻腔内多留有水样分泌物。

In addition,CT virtual endoscopy allows structural visualization of the paranasal sinuses and distal portion of obstruction with unconventional angles and locations not accessible with rhinoscopy.

CT仿真内镜显示鼻内正常解剖结构、鼻部病变的位置、范围与鼻内镜所见类似，并可进入鼻内镜无法到达的腔道，如鼻窦内、狭窄的鼻道内以及梗阻病变的远端。

The potential prognostic factors (nasal obstruction, cross-sectional area of nasal cavity, rhinosinusitis severity, preoperative olfactory loss, nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis, concurrent septoplasty and turbinal surgery, postoperative steroid treatment) for improvement in olfaction after FESS were also evaluated in these patients.

手术六个月后，这些病患的嗅觉功能再用同样方法来评估，同时分析可能的预后因子〈鼻塞、鼻腔截面积、鼻及鼻窦炎严重度、术前嗅觉丧失程度、鼻息肉、过敏性鼻炎、附带鼻中膈鼻甲手术、术后类固醇治疗〉对术后嗅觉功能改变的影响。

Objective To explore new methods of endoscopic sinus surgery to treat chronic sinusitis , and preserve physiological function and structure of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses Methods 80 cases chronic sinusitis divided into experimental group （40cases ） with partial uncinate process preservation and control group （40cases ） with classic endoscopic sinus surgery.

1西安医学院附属医院耳鼻喉科，陕西西安 710077.2 西安交通大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科，陕西西安 710064）目的探索新的既能最大程度地保留鼻腔、鼻窦的生理功能和结构的完整性，又可达到与经典鼻内镜手术相同的疗效，减少并发症发生率的鼻内镜鼻窦手术方式。

Objective To investigate the feasibility of endoscopic nasal surgery for nasopharyngeal angiofibroma to avoid complications of routine surgeries.Methods Retrospective analysis was performed for six patients'clinical records from June2002to June2004.Endoscopic nasal surgery and other techniques such as CT,MRI,digital substract angiography,Controlled-hypotention anesthesia and preoperative feeding artery embolism had been used.Results No complication had occurred.

目的 避免常规手术的并发症，探讨经鼻内镜引导下鼻咽纤维血管瘤切除术的可行性方法回顾性分析从2002年6月～2004年6月收治的6例经鼻内镜手术治疗的鼻咽纤维血管瘤患者的临床资料，术均行CT或MRI检查，了解瘤体小及部位，行字减影血管造影了解瘤体血供，术前采用供血动脉栓塞，术中采用控制性低血压技术。

During epithesis, nasal columella were extended, collapse nasal alar cartilages were l iberated and fixed in symmetrical positions, injured upper l ip was extended with nasolabial flap or to "tongue-l ike" flap on nasal base.

术中延长鼻小柱，游离塌陷鼻翼软骨并悬吊固定于对称位置，鼻槛组织瓣或鼻底舌形瓣延长患侧上唇，其中11 例植入L 形硅胶假体隆鼻。

Endoscopic Ways at nose under the guidance of biological tissue using laser thermal effect, 61 cases of allergic rhinitis patients with nasal ethmoidal nerve distribution area [1] (before the upper lateral wall of the nasal cavity, middle turbinate, inferior turbinate anterior , anterior nasal septum) punctate mucosal tissue coagulation, vaporization treatment, the results of a success rate of 90.16 percent, followed up for 6 months 1 3 years.

在鼻内镜直视引导下，利用激光对生物组织的热效应，对61例过敏性鼻炎患者进行鼻腔筛前神经分布区[1]（鼻腔外侧壁前上部、中鼻甲、下鼻甲前部、鼻中隔前部）粘膜组织斑点状凝固、汽化治疗，结果成功率达90.16%，随访6个月一3年，效果良好。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。