黑格尔哲学

Feuerbach 's critique of religion is not merely a continuation of his early critique of philosophy

费尔巴哈的宗教批判不仅是其早期哲学批判的延续，而且以《基督教的本质》为代表的宗教批判的真正精义就是哲学批判，是对黑格尔思辨哲学的批判

These include Hegelianism, neo-Thomism, Marxism, as well as the contemporary continental philosophical tradition, ranging from Habermas (with close affinities to the analytic tradition) to Foucault and Derrida.

这又包括了黑格尔主义、新托马斯主义、马克思主义与当代大陆哲学传统，其中当代大陆哲学传统从Habermas（与分析哲学传统相当接近）到Foucault和Derrida（这二者之间微妙的联系委实很多）。

This is contrary to the western tradition that regards the hypotheses of human nature as the point of departure of argument. Marxist political philosophy has benefited from a philosophy-the humanities reform. Starting with criticism against the Young Hegelianism; Marx pushed forward political philosophy to a highest level through philosophical criticism in political economics, establishment of communist theories, and studies of anthropology.

与传统西方政治哲学以人性假设为思辨起点不同，马克思政治哲学得益于哲学一人学变革，以对青年黑格尔派的批判为契机，通过政治经济学视域的哲学批判、共产主义理论的确立及人类学研究，马克思将政治哲学发展到前所未有的高度。

As the first philosophical proposition,"Water is arche" has been very ambiguous.

泰勒斯因提出第一个哲学命题而被尊称为西方哲学的始祖。黑格尔说：&'水是原则'这句话，是泰利士的全部哲学。&

The thesis probes into Schoenberg' thinkings about music history, music nationalism, music education, music criticism, and music creation, respectively. There are some important viewpoints in Schoenberg's music thought: Firstly, Schoenberg's ideas of music history, he believes relationship of tradition and revolution in art is dialectical in nature, and argues that evolution in music was determined by natural law, obviously influenced by Hegel's philosophical history idea. Secondly, the thesis sums up his viewpoints of music nationalism, such as "lay stress on art music, look down on folk music","lay stress on western European music, look down on non- western European music" by Schoenberg's account about the reasons of the formation of national art, the dominant of national art and nationality in music; in fact, this viewpoint of western cultural centricity is one of his i mportant viewpoints throughout his life; Thirdly, Schoenberg's concept of music education: in his thought a composing teacher should teach the students how to master "the tool of art", train them for their ability of "one major and various kinds of techniques", try his best to nourish the student's personality; Fourthly, Schoenberg set forth some opinions about modern music critics and the method of music criticism: a music critic must be equipped with the quality of a music expert, and render composer's idea to the public by his art imagination, but not his personal opinion,and Schoenberg stress the areas of music criticism on style and idea ; Lastly, Schoenberg's concept of music creation: Expressionism and organism are two important issues in Schoenberg's thinking about music creation.

本文通过对勋伯格各类论文、书信、演讲、专著等文稿的评述，分别探讨了作为音乐思想家的勋柏格的音乐历史观、民族主义音乐观、音乐教育观、音乐批评观与音乐刨作观，并在此基础上总结了折射在勋柏格音乐思想中的几个重要观点：一，勋柏格对于音乐历史的认识：通过德奥音乐界前辈给予他的创作启示，以及勋伯格对自己几个创作阶段的发展历程的总结，阐述了他对于艺术中的传统与革新之间的关系的辩证认识，并通过这些问题总结出音乐的演进与黑格尔倡导的&历史发展必然性&哲学观念之间存在着必然联系；二，勋柏格的民族主义音乐观：通过勋柏格对于形成民族艺术特征的根本原因、民族艺术中的支配现象、民间音乐与艺术音乐之间的比较、音乐刨作中的&民族性&问题的意识等方面问题的剖析与认识，总结了他的&重艺术音乐，轻民间音乐&、&重西欧音乐，轻非西欧音乐&的观点，从而突出了他的精神领域中的根深蒂固的&德奥音乐中心论&，这是一个浸润着浓厚的西欧文化中心论色彩的观点，也是贯串他毕生的音乐思想的重要观点之一；三，勋柏格对音乐教育问题的见解：勋柏格认为作曲教师应该教会学生掌握&艺术的工具&、在教学中努力做到&一专多能&、注重个性培养；四，勋柏格对当代音乐批评家与音乐批评方法提出的要求：音乐批评家必须具备作为一名音乐家的专业修养，要以真实、客观的态度对待音乐批评这门神圣的职业，充分运用内心的艺术联想向公众再现作曲家的意图，而不是将个人见解强加于受众；同时，批评家需要对艺术的过去与未来拥有全面的了解与较准确的预测，在音乐批评的具体范畴中，应将重心角度置于探讨音乐作品的风格与思想之间的关系方面。

Marx sublated the idealist and negative dialectics of Hegel, critically absorbed reasonable factor of Hegels dialectics and organically combined materialism with dialectics, which caused possibly to creat Neo-materialism. Marx established the concept of scientific practice.

马克思对黑格尔唯心主义否定辩证法的扬弃，批判吸收了黑格尔辩证法的合理因素，把唯物论与辩证法有机结合起来，这就使创立新唯物主义哲学成为可能。

In his lectures on the philosophy of world history and the philosophy of religion, Hegel elaborated this point of view, and his deep and excellent recognition of Confucianism, Daoism, Chinese history, the point of morality of Chinese, the ethics of Chinese, Chinese Philosophy and Chinese 'Sciences'are based on these elaborations.

黑格尔在他的宗教哲学和历史哲学讲演中以他的精神概念为根据具体论证了这一点，黑格尔的这些具体论证蕴涵着他对儒教、道教、中国历史、中国传统的道德观念和伦理制度、中国传统社会、中国哲学和&科学&的深刻而卓越的认识。

From the dimension of economical philosophy, the two various philosophical keys showed by The Poverty of Philosophy and The Philosophy of Poverty determine the dividing line of the economical idea of Marx and Proudhon; German classic philosophy, especially Hegel's dialectic, was not only the object criticized and relied on by Marx, but also became the philosophical basis of Proudhon's economy; Proudhon, however, with dialectical intuition, developed the dialectique serielle that was analogous to Hegelian dialectic of idealism.

从经济哲学视域看，《哲学的贫困》与《贫困的哲学》展现出的两种不同的哲学基调，决定了蒲鲁东与马克思的经济学理念的分野；德国古典哲学，特别是黑格尔的辩证法，不但是马克思所批判和仰赖的对象，而且构成了蒲鲁东经济学的哲学根基，不过蒲鲁东凭借辩证的直觉提出的系列辩证法是类似于黑格尔的唯心主义辩证法。

Historically speaking, modern philosophy is coming from ancient Greek culture; European revival of learning accelerates its development and produces some philosophical opinions with deep influence, especially when dialectic is presented out by Mr. Hegel, a new era that developing towards real entity Begins;every School pushes philosophy developing with the position of selfhood and nonscientific one.

从历史上看，现代哲学主要是从古代希腊文明发展而来的；欧洲的文艺复兴加速了它的发展，产生了一些具有深远影响的哲学观点，特别是当辩证法被黑格尔先生提示以来，一个哲学向实体化发展的新时代开始了；各个学派都以自我的立场，而非科学的立场，来推动哲学的发展。

Among the numerous philosophers in 20th century, Lukacs initiates a historical perspective of the ontological studies on Marxism. The main point of his theory is to affirm the close relationship between Marxism and Hegelian Dialectics. After the reconstruction on Hegelian dialectic materialism, the transform in Marxism which is different from the formers' has been taken place in its foundation, i.e.

在20世纪的众多哲学家中，卢卡奇开创了把马克思主义作为本体论研究的历史视域，其理论要旨乃是确认马克思直接衔接着黑格尔的辩证法，通过对黑格尔辩证法的唯物主义改造，马克思的本体论在其根基处发生了不同于以往哲学家的理论变革。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。