黑奴

But as far as it was, had been carried on by the assiento's, or permission of the kings of Spain and Portugal, and engross'd in the public, so that few Negroes were brought, and those excessive dear.

从事贩卖黑奴的商人必须签约，保证为西班牙殖民地和葡萄牙殖民地供应黑奴，并必须获得西班牙国王或葡萄牙国王的批准。贩运黑奴是一种垄断的贸易，因而在巴西黑奴进口的数量不多，价钱也特别昂贵。

They listened always very attentively to my Discourses on these Heads, but especially to that Part which related to the buying Negroes, which was a Trade at that time not only not far entred into, but as far as it was, had been carried on by the Assiento's, or Permission of the Kings of Spain and Portugal, and engross'd in the Publick, so that few Negroes were brought, and those excessive dear.

每当我谈论这些话题的时候，大家都仔细倾听；尤其是买卖黑奴的事，更引其他们的兴趣。当时，贩运黑奴的买卖还刚刚开始。从事贩卖黑奴的商人必须签约，保证为西班牙殖民地和葡萄牙殖民地供应黑奴，并必须获得西班牙国王或葡萄牙国王的批准。贩运黑奴是一种垄断的贸易，因而在巴西黑奴进口的数量不多，价钱也特别昂贵。

3 Obedience Jim was a slave, and under the long-lasting oppression and slavery, deep inside hime, there was a servility of obedience. This point especially stands out at the end of the novel. After Jim was eventually captured, during his rescue by Huck and Tom, he listened to them for everything, which allowed an initially simple and smooth rescue operation become a child's play. But the debauch of its ending showing that when Tom becoming a clone and victim due to this farce, faced with torment and shame, while Jim was released as a result of Miss Watson's death will, show the miserable situation of the slaves at that time.

3.3 顺从吉姆是一个黑奴，在长期地压迫和奴役下，他骨子里自然就有了一种顺从的奴性，这点在小说的最后表现的极为突出，当吉姆最后被抓后，在哈克和汤姆的营救过程中，他事事顺着他们，让一场本来可以很简单顺利的营救活动变成了一场儿童闹剧，而当吉姆很自然地成了这一闹剧的小丑和牺牲品，受尽了折磨和凌辱，最好却因话说小姐的一纸临终遗言而获得自由而荒唐结局，这也说明的当时黑奴处境的可悲。

Jim was a slave, and under the long-lasting oppression and slavery, deep inside hime, there was a servility of obedience. This point especially stands out at the end of the novel. After Jim was eventually captured, during his rescue by Huck and Tom, he listened to them for everything, which allowed an initially simple and smooth rescue operation become a child's play. But the debauch of its ending showing that when Tom becoming a clone and victim due to this farce, faced with torment and shame, while Jim was released as a result of Miss Watson's death will, show the miserable situation of the slaves at that time.

3.3 顺从吉姆是一个黑奴，在长期地压迫和奴役下，他骨子里自然就有了一种顺从的奴性，这点在小说的最后表现的极为突出，当吉姆最后被抓后，在哈克和汤姆的营救过程中，他事事顺着他们，让一场本来可以很简单顺利的营救活动变成了一场儿童闹剧，而当吉姆很自然地成了这一闹剧的小丑和牺牲品，受尽了折磨和凌辱，最好却因话说小姐的一纸临终遗言而获得自由而荒唐结局，这也说明的当时黑奴处境的可悲。

Klein's wife, not the liberation of black slaves and other Tom, but they will be sent to the slave auction market.

圣·克莱的妻子没有解放汤姆和其他黑奴，而是将他们送到黑奴拍卖市场。

It happen'd, being in Company with some Merchants and Planters of my Acquaintance, and talking of those things very earnestly, three of them came to me the next Morning, and told me they had been musing very much urn what I had discoursed with them of, the last Night, and they came to make a secret Proposal to me; and after enjoining me Secrecy, they told me, that they had a mind to fit out a Ship to go to Guinea, that they had all Plantations as well as I, and were straiten'd for nothing so much as Servants; that as it was a Trade that could not be carried on, because they could not publickly sell the Negroes when they came home, so they desired to make but one Voyage, to bring the Negroes on Shoar privately, and divide them among their own Plantations; and in a Word, the Question was, whether I would go their Super-Cargo in the Ship to manage the Trading Part upon the Coast of Guinea?

有一次，我与一些熟悉的种植园主和商人又很起劲地谈论这些事情。第二天上午，有三个人来找我。他们对我说，他们对我昨天晚上的谈话认真思考了一番，特前来向我提出一个建议。但他们说，这建议必须保密。因此他们要求我严守秘密。然后，他们对我说，他们想装备一条船去几内亚。他们说，他们都像我一样有种植园，但最感缺乏的是劳动力。他们不可能专门从事贩运黑奴的买卖，因为他们回巴西后不可能公开出售黑奴，因此，他们打算只去几内亚一次，回巴西后把黑奴偷偷送上岸，然后大家均分到各自的种植园里去。简而言之，现在的问题是，我愿不愿意管理他们船上的货物，并经办几内亚海岸交易的事务。

It happen'd, being in Company with some Merchants and Planters of my Acquaintance, and talking of those things very earnestly, three of them came to me the next Morning, and told me they had been musing very much upon what I had discoursed with them of, the last Night, and they came to make a secret Proposal to me; and after enjoining me Secrecy, they told me, that they had a mind to fit out a Ship to go to Guinea, that they had all Plantations as well as I, and were straiten'd* for nothing so much as Servants; that as it was a Trade that could not be carried on, because they could not publickly sell the Negroes when they came home, so they desired to make but one Voyage, to bring the Negroes on Shoar privately, and divide them among their own Plantations; and in a Word, the Question was, whether I would go their Super-Cargo* in the Ship to manage the Trading Part upon the Coast of Guinea?

有一次，我与一些熟悉的种植园主和商人又很起劲地谈论这些事情。第二天上午，有三个人来找我。他们对我说，他们对我昨天晚上的谈话认真思考了一番，特前来向我提出一个建议。但他们说，这建议必须保密。因此他们要求我严守秘密。然后，他们对我说，他们想装备一条船去几内亚。他们说，他们都像我一样有种植园，但最感缺乏的是劳动力。他们不可能专门从事贩运黑奴的买卖，因为他们回巴西后不可能公开出售黑奴，因此，他们打算只去几内亚一次，回巴西后把黑奴偷偷送上岸，然后大家均分到各自的种植园里去。简而言之，现在的问题是，我愿不愿意管理他们船上的货物，并经办几内亚海岸交易的事务。

Andrews develops his study in a large tripartite system: the black slave author and the white medium (the white transcriber, the white editor and publisher); the black slave author and the white reader; the black slave author and the abolitionist social milieu.

安德鲁斯的论著《讲述自由的故事》，将黑人自传研究纳入一个内含三重关系框架的大系统：黑奴作者与白人中介（白人速记员、白人编辑，白人出版商）、黑奴作者与白人读者、黑奴作者与废奴主义社会大环境。

The niggers was just getting through breakfast and starting for the fields; and Jim's nigger was piling up a tin pan with bread and meat and things; and whilst the others was leaving, the key come from the house.

第二天，天蒙蒙亮，我们就下去到黑奴住的小屋去，拍拍狗，跟那个给杰姆送吃食的黑奴套个近乎——如果里面关的是杰姆的话。那些黑奴刚吃过早饭，要开始到地里去。

I have been in all my Circumstances a Memento to those who are touch'd with the general Plague of Mankind, whence, for ought I know, one half of their Miseries flow; I mean, that of not being satisfy'd with the Station wherein God and Nature has plac'd them; for not to look back upon my primitive Condition, and the excellent Advice of my Father, the Opposition to which, was, as I may call it, my ORIGINAL SIN; my subsequent Mistakes of the same kind had been the Means of my coming into this miserable Condition; for had that Providence, which so happily had seated me at the Brasils, as a Planter, bless'd me with confin'd Desires, and I could have been contented to have gone on gradually, I might have been by this Time; I mean, in the Time of my being in this Island, one of the most considerable Planters in the Brasils, nay, I am perswaded, that by the Improvements I had made, in that little Time I liv'd there, and the Encrease I should probably have made, if I had stay'd, I might have been worth an hundred thousand Moydors; and what Business had I to leave a settled Fortune, a well stock'd Plantation, improving and encreasing, to turn Supra-Cargo to Guinea, to fetch Negroes; when Patience and Time would have so encreas'd our Stock at Home, that we could have bought them at our own Door, from those whose Business it was to fetch them; and though it had cost us something more, yet the Difference of that Price was by no Means worth saving, at so great a Hazard.

一般人往往有一种通病，那就是不知足，老是不满于上帝和大自然对他们的安排。现在我认识到，他们的种种苦难，至少有一半是由于不知足这种毛病造成的。患有这种病的人大可以从我的一生经历中得到教训。就拿我自己来说吧，正是由于我不满自己原来的境况，又不听父亲的忠告--我认为，我有悖教训，实为我的&原罪&，再加上我后来又犯了同样的错误，才使自己落到今天这样悲惨的地步。当时，造物主已安排我在巴西做了种植园主。如果我自己不痴心妄想发财，而是满足于逐渐致富，这时候我也许已成了巴西数一数二的种植园主了，而现在我却白白地在这荒岛上流落了这么多年，过着悲惨孤寂的生活。而且，我在巴西经营时间不长；就是在这段短短的时间里，我也获利不少。因此我确信，要是我继续经营下去的话，到现在一定拥有十几万葡萄牙金币的家财了。当时，我的种植园已走上了轨道，并且日益兴旺。可是，我偏偏把这一切丢弃，甘愿去当一名船上的管货员，只是为了到几内亚去贩卖黑奴。现在想来，我为什么要这样做呢？要是我守住家业，只要有耐心，经过一段时间之后，同样可以积聚大笔财富，我不是也可以在自己的家门口，从那些黑奴贩子手里买到黑奴吗？虽说价钱贵一点，但这点差价绝不值得自己去冒这样大的风险！

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。