黄土高原

Stand on a base of upper study, this paper choose distribution map of agriculture and stock raising in seven different historical age as basic material, sum up ten agro-geology environmental factors into Loess plateau Area's AEG system, and cover all these factor's component parts map on distribution draft of every period's agricultural and pastrol, then measure the occupying proportion, bring results into fomula of factor information entropy, finally, take average value of ten factor's information entropy in each period as its characteristical AEG system entropy value.

在以上研究的基础上，论文选择黄土高原地区七个历史时期的农牧业分布图作为基本资料，将该区的十个地质环境要素纳入农业环境地质系统中，将其类别分布图与上述农牧业分布图进行叠加量测，结果代入要素系统熵计算公式，求得了十个农业地质环境要素在各个历史时期中的系统熵，对每个历史时期的这十个熵值求算术平均值就获得了该历史时期黄土高原地区总的农业环境地质系统熵。

The Necessity of water saving agriculture in the loess plateau of China is analysized,and main types of regulating soil water techniques are sumed up as follows:accumulating fertileness,crop rotation,intermittent fallowness of soil,drought resistant crop breeding, water saving ,run off agriculture and chemical methods.

分析黄土高原节水农业的必要性，总结出黄土高原农业调水技术主要有 7大类：培肥地力以肥调水，轮作倒茬调水，间隙休闲调水，抗旱育种调水，节水灌溉调水，径流农业调水，化学技术调水；指出在干旱、半干旱的黄土高原地区，利用农业调水技术是粮食增产增收的有效措施和必然趋

Phase 1 started with field pea followed by spring wheat whereas phase 2 started with spring wheat followed by field pea.The objectives of this thesis are:1 to quantitatively analyze effects of soil chemical,physical and biological properties on soil quality and productivity under different tillage systems and the driving factors for the changes of soil quality under tillage in a long-term,2 to select the best soil quality assessment indicators,and 3 to establish soil quality assessment models that are suitable for the erodible environment of semi-arid region on the Loess Plateau.

通过分析3个轮作周期不同耕作方式下土壤理化性质、生物性质和生产力对土壤质量的影响，阐明长期耕作过程中土壤质量的演变特征及其驱动因子，筛选出适宜于黄土高原半干旱区侵蚀环境下土壤质量评价的代表性指标；并综合前人的研究，结合区域特点，建立适宜于黄土高原半干旱区侵蚀环境的土壤质量评价模型。

Twelve soil samples from 0~20 cm soil layer were collected from north to south in the Loess Plateau calcareous soil and analyzed for fractionation of organic and inorganic soil phosphorus by Hedley method, amended by Tiessen and Moir.

以黄土高原自北向南采集的12个0~20 cm耕层土壤为供试土样，采用Tiessen和Moir修正的Hedley土壤有机无机磷分级方法研究了黄土高原石灰性土壤中不同形态磷组分的分布特征。

During the Last Interglaciation it was the forest, mainly composed of broadleaves, or forest-grassland at the east and middle part of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and was the forest-grassland at the west part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. It changed to the forest or forest-grassland at the most part of the Chinese Loess Plateau in the Holocene, some kinds of hardwood broadleaves dispersing at the warm temperate and the tropic zones appeared. Now the vegetation at the Chinese Loess Plateau inherits from that during the Holocene, the vegetation have been heavily destroyed owing to the human being actions. The vegetation protection at the Chinese Loess Plateau is a significant problem.

末次间冰期期间气候温暖湿润，黄土高原的中、东部地区主要发育了以落叶阔叶林为主的森林或森林草原植被，黄土高原西部地区主要发育的是以针叶林为主森林草原植被；全新世期间黄土高原的植被状况发生较大变化，黄土高原的大部分地区为森林植被或森林草原植被，植被中还有暖温带落叶阔叶林，并含有少量亚热带种属；现代黄土高原的植被主要还是继承了全新世以来的植被状况，但是由于人类活动的加剧，对黄土高原的植被产生了毁灭性的破坏，因此，如何保护黄土高原的自然植被是我们面临的一个严峻的现实问题。

The Loess Plateau and its adjacent regions are in the critical eco-envi-ronmental zone of China, which is from subhumid to semi-arid,from forestto steppe and from agricultural regions to animal husbandry regions. Thereare serious environmental problems such as the most extensive and serioussoil erosion in the world, desertification, water shortage for crops, flooddamage, increased soil salinity as well as increased industrial pollution.

黄土高原及其毗邻地区包括以晋、陕、甘为主体的黄土高原，面积约35.85万平方公里，及其周围与之有关联的黄土分布区，范围大致是阴山以南、秦岭以北、太行山以西及日月山和贺兰山以东的地域。J两者合计面积为62.38万平方公里。

This is not surprising, given the closer proximity of Pengyang to the Asian inland dust sources; The average content of calcium carbonateis of Pengyang section is not only higher than that of central loess plateau, but also higher the west of Chinese Loess Plateau, which reflected Pengyang loess had been deposited by near Liupanshan\'s substances that contained more calcium carbonateis; The content of diffluent element of 10m depth in the section increased fast, which indicated that the modern eluviation and the leaching depth of loess may be stronger than our guess; The soil growth index can reflect the intensity of soil forming and the climatic changes; The "abrupt chang" of glacial and interglacial period was caused by strong soil-forming processes that enlarged the discrepancy of granularity between loess and paleosol. However, the magnetic susceptibility nearly cannot reflect the existence of S_8 and the magnetic susceptibility of S_7 is highest in the whole section, which is inconsistent with other studies that S_5 has the highest magnetic susceptibility.Thin-section examination shows that the micro-texture of the soil layers is divided into both cementing texture in S_7, S_5 and S_1, and granular texture in all others.

与其它剖面相比，彭阳剖面粒度总体上要比东部的洛川、西安，甚至西部的兰州、新疆东湾要粗；CaCO_3平均含量不仅高于黄土高原中部，也高于高原西部，反映出本剖面富含碳酸盐的六盘山近源沉积起到了很重要的作用；易溶元素含量在剖面10m处快速升高，淀积特征明显，反映出黄土受现代淋溶成土作用影响较大，黄土直立、疏松、多孔特性和高温与多雨组合的气候特点，使得元素淋溶、淀积的强度和深度超出了传统的认识和判断；烧失量与其它指标相比，不仅能区分冰期、间冰期；而且能够区分出次一级的冰阶、间冰阶，有较高的分辨率；土壤发育指数、红度能够反映土壤强度差异，是反映气候波动的较好指标；然而，磁化率不能反映古土壤S_8的存在，且S_7的磁化率在全剖面中最高，这与大多剖面S_5磁化率最高的特点不一致。4。

The development of weathering crusts proves that some paleosols in the ioess belongs to the eluvial mor, and the subtropical climate in Liuhe area of Jiangsu migrates to the southeast of the Loess Plateau at that time.

是黄土高原降水丰富的气候事件的显示。风化壳的发育证明黄土中有些古土壤确属淋溶型森林土壤，当时亚热带气候至少迁移到了黄土高原东南部。

According to the geomorphological structure and the origin of the Loess Plateau with reference to the average uplifting velocity of the gorge district between Shanxi and Shaanxi, it is demonstrated that the Loess Plateau is a unique type of accumulated plateau differing from the familiar plateau types, such as, denudated plateau, tectonic plateau and lava plateau etc..

根据黄土高原的地貌结构与成因，结合晋陕峡谷区新生代晚期地壳平均抬升速度的讨论，论证了黄土高原在成因类型上完全不同於剥蚀高原、构造高原、熔岩高原等各种高原类型，它是一种独特类型的叠加高原。

Hilly gullied loess region, the main body of Loess Plateau, is also an eco-economic sensitive area with special landscape pattern. Being an ecological fragile and economically underdeveloped region, environment protection and economic development remain to be double tasks it expects to solve simultaneously.

中文题名黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域优化生态－生产范式副题名外文题名 Optimized eco-productive paradigm for small watersheds in hilly gullied Loess Plateau 论文作者孔正红导师张新时院士学科专业生态学研究领域\研究方向学位级别博士学位授予单位中国科学院植物研究所学位授予日期2002 论文页码总数143页关键词农业生态系统优化生态－生产范式小流域黄土丘陵沟壑区馆藏号BSLW /2003 /Q948 /26 黄土丘陵沟壑区是黄土高原的主体部分，也是具有特殊景观格局的生态-经济敏感区。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。