鸦片战争

The ceding of territory and the indemnities resulted from the loss of the Opium War inflicted a heavy burden on the Chinese people.

在割让领土和赔偿造成的损失鸦片战争造成了沉重的负担中国人民。

These economic and social led to the Opium War and China's defeat , commencing a long period of foreign influence and domination.

这些经济和社会的问题导致了鸦片战争和中国的战败，开始了一个漫长的受外来影响和支配的时期。

The first Opium War ended in 1842 and culminated in the "Treaty of Nanking."

第一次鸦片战争在1842年结束和以&南京条约&为沸点。

Being oppressed by the imperialists, the Chinese people launched resistance movements one after another, such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898, and the Yihetuan Movement, all intending to save the country. The greatest of all these was the Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yatsen, which brought to an end the 2 000-year-old autocratic, feudalist monarchy and established the republic of China (1912-1949). The May 4th Movement of 1919 laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Communist Party of China, which was founded in 1921, thus epitomizing a new phase of revolutionary development in China.

鸦片战争后的100多年中，列强一次又一次发动对中国的侵略战争，使中国的主权与领土完整继续遭到破坏，使中国人民遭受殖民主义者的欺辱；同时，中国也涌现出许许多多的抵抗侵略、挽救国家危亡的可歌可泣的事迹，如太平天国运动、戊戌变法、义和团等，特别是1911年孙中山领导的辛亥革命，推翻了中国两千多年的封建君主专制制度，建立了中华民国；1919年的&五四&运动，为中国共产党的诞生奠定了基础；1921年，中国共产党成立，中国革命出现了新局面。

Compared with the early stage of Qing, the reasons that the problem about the long—pending cases formed in late Qing mainly were the effect of the frequent modern wars and the serious corrupt of the bureaucrat stratum. A series of frequent wars not only made officials had no time to attend to administration of litigation, but also blocked ways so that the litigation procedure couldn't normally revolve. Unlimited procrastination and serious hoodwinking in litigation procedure easily caused long-pending cases too.

与清前期相比，晚清积案问题形成的原因主要为：近代频繁的战争的影响：鸦片战争以后发生的一系列频繁的战争不仅使得统治者难以顾及刑名案件的审理，而且极易造成道路梗阻，使得案件逐级审转制度难以正常进行；晚清腐败的吏治的影响：诉讼审判中漫无止境的任意拖延，严重的欺瞒之风等都是导致积案问题的重要因素。

In the occupied areas, Japan also launched an opium war, but in a more sinister way.

在占领区，日本人还发动了一次更加恶毒的鸦片战争。

The end of the Qing dynasty after the Opium War was one of the most turbulent period during the long history of China.

鸦片战争以后的晚清时代是中国数千年来变化最剧烈的时期之一，各色人等在这一历史舞台上扮演着不同的角色。

Lotus Hill recapped the second peak on the throat of Guangdong, Guangzhou Lotus city, this city Jianyu Qing Emperor Kangxi 2003 (1664), is the effort to prevent the late Ming Chen Zheng Chenggong offensive along the southeast coast and used for posts, the Opium War, Lin Zexu in this maximum security.

莲花山第二峰顶上有扼粤穗咽喉的莲花古城，此城建于清康熙三年(1664年)，是为防范明末遗臣郑成功进攻东南沿海而作哨所之用，鸦片战争时林则徐曾在此设防。

The opening of China's trade ports after the Opium War relaunched the exchange on fine arts between China and Japan.

内容提要：随著鸦片战争后中国通商口岸的开放，中日之间美术方面的交流也重启了。

Along with the voyaging line from North America to China set sail, a lot of people who lived in Zhujiang Delta went to the western part of America during the mid of 19C under complicated reasons, and formed the Chinese communities there one after another.

鸦片战争强制性地拉开了中西文化交流的序幕。1848年以后，随着北美至中国航线的开通，一部分居住在珠江三角洲的广东人在多种原因的驱使下，远渡重洋来到北美。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。