鸦片战争

EIGHTY miles down the railway from Beijing, Tianjin was for centuries the main port to the Celestial City and the Emperor of Heaven. The foreign powers who occupied it in 1860, in the wake of the second opium war, called it a "concession" or "treaty" port; the Chinese the "ford of heaven".

顺延北京铁路南下80英里之外的天津，数世纪以来一直都是通往那个天朝圣城朝见天子的主要港口。1860年，外国列强在第二次鸦片战争后随即占领了这座城市，将之称为&租界&或&条约&港口；而中国人则称之为&天国的津口&。

For the military and financial reasons and so on,in June of the year 1930,the warlord Yan Xishan who was in Shanxi took over Tianjin customs,as to the customs which were governed by the foreigners since the modern times,it was a heavy attack.Thinking about the benefit,each had different responses,while Inspector General Frederick William Maze put forward the policy to keep the customs' integrity,and tried hard to make the customs aloof from the political whirlpool.

国民政府成立之初，蒋介石的编遣会议引发了新军阀之间的混战，盘踞山西的军阀阎锡山出于军事和财政上的考虑，要求截留津海关新增税款，并于1930年6月强占了津海关，这是自鸦片战争后海关行政权丧失以来，对外籍税务司制度统治下的海关的一次严重的发难，各方对此都做出了反应。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。