鸟苷

Review articles only; calretinin; fovea centralis; macula lutea; ora serrata; photoreceptors; rods; cones; optic tract; optic nerve; visual cortex; color vision; photoreception; opsin; rhodopsin; guanine nucleotide-binding protein; G protein-coupled receptors; ion channels (cyclic GMP-gated); guanylate cyclase; cyclic GMP; dark adaptation; visual pigments; polyenes; 11-cis-retinal; vitamin A; chromophores; arrestin; recoverin; phosducin; transducin; bipolar cells; retinal ganglion cells; retinal progenitor cells; amacrine cells; Mueller cells; light; retinogenesis; ommatidia; optic vesicles; retinitis pigmentosa; blindness; macular degeneration; blind spot; Mach bands; electroretinograms; binocular vision; visual acuity; vision; retina

唯一综述；钙网膜蛋白；中央凹；黄斑；锯齿缘；光感受器；杆状细胞；圆锥细胞；视束；视神经；直观皮层；色视觉；光感受；视蛋白；视紫质；鸟苷酸-结合蛋白；G蛋白-电偶受体；离子通道；鸟苷酸环化酶；环鸟苷酸；暗适应；视色素；多烯；11 - cis -视网膜；抗干眼醇；发色团；抑制蛋白；恢复蛋白；phosducin；转导蛋白；双极细胞；视网膜神经节细胞；视网膜祖细胞；无长突细胞；米勒细胞；光；retinogenesis；小眼；视泡；色素性视网膜炎；盲的黄斑变性；盲点；马赫带；视网膜电流图；双目视觉

Calretinin; fovea centralis; macula lutea; ora serrata; photoreceptors; rods; cones; optic tract; optic nerve; visual cortex; color vision; photoreception; opsin; rhodopsin; guanine nucleotide-binding protein; G protein-coupled receptors; ion channels (cyclic GMP-gated); guanylate cyclase; cyclic GMP; dark adaptation; visual pigments; polyenes; 11-cis-retinal; vitamin A; chromophores; arrestin; recoverin; phosducin; transducin; bipolar cells; retinal ganglion cells; retinal progenitor cells; amacrine cells; Mueller cells; light; retinogenesis; ommatidia; optic vesicles; retinitis pigmentosa; blindness; macular degeneration; blind spot; Mach bands; electroretinograms; binocular vision; visual acuity; vision; retina

光感受；视蛋白；视紫质；鸟苷酸-结合蛋白；G蛋白-电偶受体；离子通道；鸟苷酸环化酶；环鸟苷酸；暗适应；视色素；多烯；11 - cis -视网膜的；抗干眼醇；发色团；抑制蛋白；恢复蛋白；phosducin；转导蛋白；双极细胞；视网膜神经节细胞；视网膜祖细胞；无长突细胞；米勒细胞；光；retinogenesis；小眼；视泡；色素性视网膜炎；盲的；黄斑变性；盲点；马赫带；视网膜电流图；双目视觉；视敏度；视觉；视网膜

It is very important in the guanosine industry that guanosine must be completely separated from byproduct-inosine.

鸟苷发酵液中鸟苷与副产物肌苷的分离对鸟苷工业有重要的意义。

Guanosine A nucleoside present in DNA and RNA and consisting of guanine linked to D-ribose via a B-glycosidic bond.

鸟苷：是存在于 DNA 和 RNA 中的一种核苷，由鸟嘌呤通过 B 糖苷键连接 D —核糖所组成。

With metabolic pathway analysis method, the biosynthesis pathway of guanosine by Bacillus subtillis in steady state was analysed in this paper, and three basic models were established, and th.

利用途径分析方法对枯草芽孢杆菌生产鸟苷的途径进行了分析，建立了 3种基础模型，鸟苷理论摩尔产率分别是 0 6 2 5、0 75和 0 6 6 7，确定了枯草芽孢杆菌生产鸟苷的最佳途径的通量分布。

In order to overcome the fault of 5'-GMPNa2 product quality, such as amorphic state, lower purity and inconstant water content, a systematical study on the crystallization process of 5'-GMPNa2 had been presented in this thesis. A new crystallization process has been developed, with which the high quality crystals of 5'-GMPNa2 can be obtained.

针对目前国内生产5'-鸟苷酸二钠基本为无定形体，且产品纯度低、水含量不稳定等问题，本文对5'-鸟苷酸二钠的结晶过程进行了系统的研究，提出了新型精制结晶工艺，解决了制备高质量的I型5'-鸟苷酸二钠晶体的问题。

Glioma is still one of refractory disease in the neurosurgical field; the development of new primary and adjuvant treatment is vital. Recently, the gene therapy of glioma is developed rapidly and there are many methods about the gene therapy that include: suicide gene therapy, immunologic gene therapy, drug resistangce gene therapy, angiostatin gene therapy and so on. The sucide gene therapy is the most potential approach of antitumer, these nonmammalian genes encode enzyme that convert nontoxic prodrugs into highly toxic metablites. Cells transfected with suicide genes are targeted for specific negative selection, witch can be induced by administrtion of the corresponding produg. Among the enzyme/produg combinations, two of the best characterized system are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase /ganciclovir and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase /5-flourocytosine (5-FC). The formor can convert the antiviral nucleoside analogs acyclovir , ganciclovir to their nucleoside monophosphate derivatives, the monophosphate forms are subsequently phosphorylated by endogenus cellular kinases to triphosphates, these molecules are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

近年来脑胶质瘤的基因治疗发展迅速，应运而生的方法有自杀基因、免疫基因、多药耐药基因以及抗血管生成基因等，其中自杀基因被认为是最有前景的基因治疗方法，它又称病毒介导的酶／药物前体疗法，是利用转基因技术将哺乳动物细胞中所不含有的自杀基因转入到哺乳动物肿瘤细胞中，该基因表达的产物可将无毒的药物前体转化为毒性药物，从而选择性杀伤该肿瘤细胞，常用的自杀基因有单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶基因和大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因，前者催化无毒性抗病毒核苷类似物如丙氧鸟苷、无环鸟苷等成为单磷酸核苷衍生物，然后在内源性细胞激酶作用下转化为具有明显毒性的三磷酸核苷，作为DNA合成链的终止剂和DNA合成酶的抑制剂，干扰细胞DNA的合成；后者编码的胞嘧啶脱氨酶可催化5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）脱氨成为5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），然后代谢为有毒性的5-氟尿嘧啶-5′三磷酸（5-FUTP）和5-氟-2′脱氧尿嘧啶-5′磷酸（5-FdUTP），5-FUTP通过与UTP竞争性结合而抑制mRNA和tRNA的合成，5-FdUTP则作用于胸苷合成酶，导致TMP衰竭而阻止DNA的合成，最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

They were two new compounds, [cyclo(Pro-Val-Phe-Phe-Pro-Val-Phe-Ser-Leu),7],[2-N-(1-methoxycarbonylethyl)guanosine, 10], and eight known compounds,(p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 1),(methyl succinate, 2),(russulaceramide, 3),(phenylalanine, 4),(guanine, 5),(β-carboline, 6),(uridine, 8), and (adenosine, 9). All the compounds were isolated from Amanita exitialis for the first time.

分别为：对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid，1)、丁二酸二甲酯(methyl succinate，2)、神经酰胺(russulaceramide，3)、苯丙氨酸（phenylalanine，4）、鸟嘌呤核苷(guanine，5)、β-咔啉(β-carboline，6)、环（脯氨酸-缬氨酸-苯丙氨酸-苯丙氨酸-脯氨酸-缬氨酸-苯丙氨酸-丝氨酸-亮氨酸） [cyclo(Pro-Val-Phe-Phe-Pro-Val-Phe-Ser-Leu)，7]、尿嘧啶核苷(uridine，8)、腺嘌呤核苷(adenosine，9)、2-N-(1-甲氧羰基乙基)鸟苷[2-N-(1-Methoxycarbonylethyl)guanosine， 10]。10个化合物均为首次从致命鹅膏中分离得到，其中化合物7和10为新化合物。

HPLC/MS/ MS was used to analyse the nucleosides in Cordyceps sinensis .and its counterfeits and adulterations. Compared the samples with the standard samples,the result showed that the main fragment chromatogram were similar.The four nucleosides in Cordyceps sinensis .and its counterfeits and adulterations were identified by MS/ MS.The totle content of uridine、hypoxanthosine、guanosine、adenosine in Cordyceps sinensis .was from 2.473 mg/g to2.830 mg/g ,the content of adenosine was from 0.850 mg/g to1.009 mg/g .

应用HPLC-MS对冬虫夏草及其混淆品与伪品中的四个核苷成分进行二级质谱定性分析，并与对照品进行比较，结果显示，冬虫夏草及其混淆品与伪品均能产生与相应对照品一致的主要碎片离子峰，进一步说明，冬虫夏草及其混淆品与伪品中均含有尿苷、肌苷、鸟苷及腺苷四种核苷成分。

After overcoming the flux shift during the process, the production ability of strains could be the limiting factor for further increasing the production. To avoid the random modification on strains, the comprehensive enzymatic study of nucleoside producing-pathway was conducted on four strains with different producing ability. And the results could be used to direct further reconstruction of strains. It was also found that nucleotidase was of much importance to nucleoside production.

在成功克服了代谢流的迁移之后，菌株的代谢能力可能成为了进一步提高产率的限制因素，为了避免对生产菌的进一步改造中的盲目性，对四株不同菌株间嘌呤途径关键酶活力的系统测定，对肌苷、鸟苷生产菌种的酶学特征有了全面的了解；并发现了核苷降解酶对于核苷生产能力至关重要；酶学特性研究对肌苷、鸟苷生产菌的进一步改造提供了方向。

What would he tell Judith and the children?

他将怎样告诉朱迪丝和孩子们呢？

I this is at that time, the opinion with peacockish true girl is full of in a heart.

这就是当时的我，一个心中布满虚荣的女孩子真实的想法。