鳞片

The plant expression vectors were constructed and two genes were transferred into A. thaliana and N. tabacum, antikanamycin plants were obtained.4. The trials of adventive bud regeneration directly and callus induction was conducted to select out the optimal explants and formula. The results revealed that double scale can produce 13~16 adventive buds per centimeter in MS medium added 10.0 mg/L 6-BA, 1.0 mg/ L NAA, 40 g/L sugar and 7.5 g/L agar. Scale, leaves, scape and different tissue of flower can be induced to produce callus in appropriate medium, but the filament with anther was the optimized explant.

构建了两个基因的pBI121和pCAMBIA1300植物表达载体，并通过农杆菌将上述基因转入烟草和拟南芥中，得到了卡那抗性的再生植株。4、以中国水仙不同部位外植体进行了不定芽直接分化和愈伤组织诱导分化试验，结果表明，双鳞片外植体在MS0+6-BA 10.0 mg/L+NAA 1.0 mg/L+蔗糖40 g/L+琼脂7.5 g/L培养基上可以大量地直接再生，再生芽数量平均可达13~16个/cm双鳞片，比传统的鳞茎盘之间分化提高30~50%；鳞片、叶片、花葶及花部不同组织在适宜的配方中均可不同程度地诱导出愈伤组织，但以带花药的花丝诱导出的愈伤组织最好。

Through shrinkage,the lipid containment and the cuticle's shape changes,the results showed that this kind of Azotobacter vinelandi enzyme can efficiently enhance the anti-shrinkage function of wool.

其外表面角质层的鳞片依次叠盖，造成纤维表面逆鳞片方向的摩擦因数大于顺鳞片方向的摩擦因数而产生定向摩擦效应[1]，使羊毛发生毡缩现象。

All the patterns in bud and different parts of scale change at different stages,and the peroxidase activity in bud and adaxial epiderm is higher than that in the inner tissue of scale.

发现芽和鳞片不同部位的同工酶谱带在解除休眠的不同时期均有变化，且芽和鳞片近轴面表皮的过氧化物酶活性明显高于鳞片内部组织。

Result The results showed that the cutting survival rate and propagation coefficient were higher in interlayer scale, the difference of which was not obvious between outside and inside scales. Compared with integrated scale, cross cutting and score cutting scale all could reduce scale propagation coefficient Treating scale with 0.1% HgCl2 could prevent scale rot effectively and increase propagation coefficient Integrated scale without segmentation was good for lily bud scale cutting.

结果］结果表明：中层鳞片的扦插成活率较高，繁殖系数也较高，外层与内层鳞片之间的差异不明显；与完整鳞片相比，横切鳞片和纵切鳞片都会降低鳞片繁殖系数；用0.1% HgCl2处理鳞片，可有效防止磷片腐烂，提高繁殖系数。

Study on the rapid Propagation Technique of Lycoris. Herb and get follow results: In the period found of axenic clone 0.1%HgCl2 is the best disinfector to deal with the Lycoris" bulb ,as to neat part, such as root, leave, and bulbil, is fit to use 0.1%HgCl2 antisepsis 7min. And found the best effect is the bulb scale with base. Root, leaf and bulb scale without base all were not inducement adventitious buds. Different position of bulb had different culture effect. 3-15 of middle part of bulb can be induced most adventitious buds but inner and outer of least it. Incised the bulb with three types (pieces of eight, pieces of six, piece of four), and found the type of pieces of six is best to Lycoris mass production. L.sprengeri is fit MS+BA5mg/l+NAA0.1mg/l and L.squamigera is fit MS+BA5mg/l+NAA0.5mg/l, but the medium fit to culture L.longituba haven"t be found.In the period of Subculture-Found of mass production, the most multiplication of adventitious buds in MS+BA5mg/l+NAA0.5mg/l during subculture of L.sprengeri, L.squamigera.

石蒜属植物快速繁殖技术研究中，在无菌无性系建立阶段：鳞茎以0.1％HgCl_2消毒10-12分钟效果最好，而叶、根尖、鳞芽等较干净部位选用0.1％HgCl_2消毒7分钟；用三种石蒜属植物的叶片、根尖、鳞芽及带基盘与不带基盘鳞片进行培养，以带基盘鳞片诱导分化效果最理想，鳞芽易培养出芽，但数量有限，而叶片、根尖与不带基盘鳞片均未诱导分化；带基盘鳞片为石蒜属植物快速繁殖最佳外植体，以鳞茎中部3-15层芽诱导率高，较外层稍次之，内部鳞片诱导率最低；选用八等分法、六等分法、四等分法切割鳞茎，六等分法综合效果最好；每外植体带三鳞片培养最为适宜；三种石蒜属植物各自适合的培养基成分不同，换锦花在MS+BA5mg／l+NAA0.1mg／l中培养效果最好，夏水仙为MS+BA5mg／l+NAA0.5mg／l，而白花长筒石蒜在各培养基组合中培养效果均不理想，其适合的培养条件有待于进一步研究。

The scales of "Sorbonne","Mera star","Siberia","Tiber" were used to study systematically soilless cutting skills of Oriental lily from pretreatment of scales, cutting medium to nutrition solution. The results indicated:① using broken dormancy bulbs which experienced disinfection and exposing could prevent it from rot and enhance propagation index;② There is no difference among four varieties on information of bulblet, so all four varieties can be propagated bulbs though cutting.

本试验以东方百合索蚌、残星、西伯利亚、泰伯四个品种的鳞片为材料，分别从鳞片的预处理、扦插或催芽基质的筛选、20—22℃室温下催芽、营养液选配等几方面对东方百合无土扦插的技术措施作以系统研究，结果表明：①用打破休眠的种球，并通过破球、消毒、晾晒处理，有效的防止了扦插过程中鳞片的腐烂，提高了繁殖系数；②东方百合鳞片也有扦插分生小子球的潜能，四个品种之间分生子球的差异不显著，因此它们都可以用扦插方法繁殖种球。

In contrast, P. obliquum has lamina with basal pinnae contracted, scales of petiole brown adaxially, scales of rachis up to 2.3×0.5 mm, pinnae green, chartaceous, matt adaxially, and serrulate on margin, and microscales 0.2-0.5×0.1-0.2 mm.

obliquum相似，但吞天井耳蕨的叶片基部最宽，向基部不缩短，叶柄鳞片近轴面深棕色，叶轴鳞片达3.6×0.8mm，羽片深绿色，近革质，向轴面有光泽，边缘具略波状微齿或近全缘，小鳞片达2×0.5mm；而斜羽耳蕨的叶片的基部缩短，叶柄鳞片向轴面棕色，叶轴鳞片达2.3×0.5mm，羽片绿色，草质，向轴面无光泽，边缘有锯齿，小鳞片达0.5-0.8×0.2-0.3mm。

The scale-type geometric wear-resistant structure surface is characterized in being made up of a base and the bionic geometric units on the surface. The bionic geometric structure unit is a scale-type structure distributed regularly on the surface of the base, and the distribution density is that: the ratio between the geometric projection area of the scale-type structure on the base surface and the surface area of the base formed by all the edge ends is 50-100%; the scale-type geometric structure unit has a symmetric hexagon shape on the surface; the sides L2/L1=1.0-2.0, L1: 1mm-50mm, and the internal angle Alpha is 120 degree -130 degree, the internal angle Beta is 100 degree -110 degree; the A-A section is subtriangular, and the B-B section is a trapezoid, the height H of the scale-type is 1-5mm.

本发明由基体和其表面上的仿生几何结构单元组成，仿生几何结构单元为在基体表面规律分布的鳞片型结构，鳞片型的分布密度为：其在基体表面上的几何投影面积之和与所有棱端围成的基体表面积之比为50-100％，鳞片型几何结构单元的表面形状为对称六边形结构：边长L2/L1＝1.0-2.0，L1：1mm-50mm，内角α为120°-130°，内角β为100°-110°，鳞片型的A-A截面为近似三角形，B-B截面为梯形，鳞片型的高度H为1-5mm。

The bulb scales had a higher induction rate of 89.3% to 93.3%, better quality and lower decay rate and the best rooting, in which single-scale reproduction coefficient reached 1.14 to 1.19 when cutting in soil from original environment and peat and pearlite (1:1) as medium under the condition of 25℃ and dark, followed by cutting in peat and sand (2:1) and peat and vermiculite and perlite (1:1:1). There were the highest single-scale reproduction coefficient (1.38) when cutting in sand, but the induction rate was lowest (58.7%). The bulb scales was easy to rot and unfit for use in peat.

以原生土、草炭＋珍珠岩(1：1)这2种基质最好，诱导率达89.3%93.3%，平均每鳞片繁殖小鳞茎数较高，达1.14~1.19个，产生的小鳞茎质量也较好，而且鳞片腐烂率低，生根效果也最好；草炭+河沙(2：1)及草炭+珍珠岩+蛭石(1：1：1)的扦插效果仅次于草炭+珍珠岩(1：1)；河沙扦插鳞片时，平均每鳞片繁殖小鳞茎数最高，达1.38个，但诱导率最低(58.7%)，易造成鳞片干萎，草炭则易造成鳞片大量腐烂，均不宜使用。

The differentiation ability of outward and middle bulb scale s was excelled inward ones.

3个品种外部鳞片和中部鳞片的分化能力大于内部鳞片；同一个鳞片上段鳞片的分化能力最差，下段最强；每块鳞片分化不定芽数也是上段最少，下段最多。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。