鬼神

Brian Levack, ed., Articles on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology, v.3, Witch-hunting in Early Modern Europe: General Studies

Brian Levack，巫术，魔法，鬼神学文章，V.3，早期现代欧洲的政治迫害：概括研究

In archaic animistic religions, people attributed such natural occurrences as birth, aging, sickness, and death to the actions of spirits, ghosts, and gods. They believed that these supernatural beings were all around them.

曾几何时，人类将生活上种种未知的事物，如生、老、病、死等现象，归之於鬼神操纵的结果，如山神、海神、土地神、苗稼神等，甚至认为世间到处都充满了魑魅魍魉，这就是「神鬼宗教」的滥殇。

Buddhism is an educator of religione but not a magician.it never promoted that he can take responsibility for others,but to persuade people to be brave to take responsibilty for themselves,Buddhism disagree that there is no God which can master all the world,everything is belongs to the world,everybody's life belongs to themseleves.also opposing to believe any ghosts and gods.and this is difficult for the religions which require their believer believing ghosts and gods to compare with.If we must take Buddhism as a religion,it must be religion which promoted antitheism,and the thinking meet with science very well.

佛教不承认有能够主宰世界和人类的神灵，一切都是众生的业感，反对鬼神崇拜，绝非一般要求信徒向虚幻神灵顶礼膜拜的宗教可比，可以说佛教是一种无神论的宗教，这一思想又恰恰与科学的思维方式又不谋而合。

In the past, I mistook Li Hongzhi's so-called "be kind" and "be a good person" as not contradictory with the demands by our Party, without knowing that they are different in nature though similar in appearance. A communist is materialist and antitheist, while Li Hongzhi deludes people with demonology; our Party's aim is serving the people wholeheartedly and devoting selflessly, while Li Hongzhi attempts to lead people to an individualistic trap of seeking "self-transcendence"; the highest ideal and ultimate goal of the Party is to realize communism, while Li Hongzhi tells people to pursue so-called personal "consummation" without thinking about the Party's disciplines and the State's laws.

过去，我认为李洪志宣扬的所谓&人心向善&、&做好人&与党的要求并不矛盾，怎知这看似相同的表面却存在着本质的区别：共产党员是唯物论、无神论者，而李洪志却用鬼神论来迷惑人；党的宗旨是全心全意为人民服务，是无私奉献的崇高思想，李洪志却把人引向追求&自我超脱&的个人主义泥潭；党的最终目标是实现共产主义，而李洪志却让人为了追求个人的所谓&圆满&，置党纪国法于不顾。

The modern belief in a horned devil known as Satan could be traced back to Baphomet and the Church's attempts to recast the horned fertility god as a symbol of evil.

现代人信仰一种长角的被称作撒旦的鬼神，其历史可追溯到对鲍芙默神的崇拜上，教会企图将这尊长角的象征生命力的神贬为邪恶的标志。

He is able to eliminate ignorance pestilence and sufferings and frustrate evil Dharani and Heterodoxy.So the head of Hayagriva could be seen on Hayagriva and on many other implements used in worshipping.

佛经中讲：马头明王德主要功德为：降伏罗萨、鬼神、天龙八部之一切魔障，消除無名業障、瘟疫、病苦，免一切惡咒邪法，故有許多法器，馬頭明王金剛橛上安置本尊的头像。

In his article, Engels denounced their extreme distain of reason and their surrender to superstition and empiricism.

恩格斯痛斥他们极端蔑视理性思维，痛斥他们成了鬼神迷信的牺牲品，经验论的牺牲品。

They vainly attempt to avoid calamities and impetrate foison by offering sacrifice to the ghosts and gods; and believe in exorcism of the koradji of MOBA and cure disease on sucking opium, thus the they have formed a habitude of "opium cures indispositions and MOBA cures serious disease ".

他们靠祭鬼神来消灾免难、祈求丰收；靠魔巴驱魔、吸食鸦片来治疗疾病。以至于形成了&小病靠大烟，大病靠魔巴&习俗。

Romani culture is diverse and there is no universal culture per se, but there are attributes common to all Roma: loyalty to family; belief in Del and beng; belief in predestiny; Romaniya, standards and norms, varying in degree from tribe to tribe; and adaptability to changing conditions.

吉普赛文化十分多样，没有统一的文化形态。但是对于所有吉普赛人而言，他们共同的特点是忠于家庭，信仰鬼神，相信命运注定；吉普赛的标准规范随部落的不同而又一定程度的差异；此外对变化的良好适应性也是他们共同的特点。

Tylor's definition of primitive religion as Animism, a belief in spiritual beings, expresses his interpretation that the basis of primitive religion is the belief that detached and detachable vital forces make up a suprahuman realm of reality that is just as real as the physical world of rocks, trees, and plants.

tylor的定义中的原始宗教作为万物有灵论，相信鬼神，表达了他的解释是，根据原始宗教是相信超脱和可拆卸的重要力量，作出了一个suprahuman境界的现实是，正如真实的物质世界的石头，树木和植物。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。