高能粒子

The scintillation CsI was also calibrated with protons of 15, 20, 23MeV. The average energy calibration is 1. 047MeV per channel. Energy calibration for heavy ions was completed with multiplication factor 1/12. 75. The energy calibration is around 1. 1MeV per channel for oxygen ion and iron ions when energy deposition is less than 50MeV in each detector.

对铁离子而言，铁离子的四个能量点在ΔE〓探测器中的能量均超过50MeV，能量信号放大电路此时已进入饱和状态，当铁束能量为120MeV时，离子进入到ΔE〓探测器中，此时在ΔE〓中能量沉积低于50MeV，没有达到电子学系统的饱和值，能量刻度每道为1.1MeV／道，这些与氧离子的标定结果是一致的，饱和只是对于低能重粒子会出现这种情况，对于中高能重离子这种现象就会消失。

The recent achievements of ultra-high energy cosmic ray are briefly reviewed.

极高能宇宙线是能量高于的带电或中性的宇宙线粒子。

The diameter of cupper and powder which receives ball milling for 50 h, 80 h, 100 h, and 120 h is about 300 nm, 140 nm, 70 nm, 30 nm respectively in ball form; paraffin can evenly cover copper particles. nanometer composite ; metal ; polymer ; high energy ball milling

本文采用高能球磨法研制纳米金属粒子/有机物复合材料功能，着重分析讨论该复合材料的微观形貌特征以及制备工艺对微观形貌特征的影响，为该类无定形功能复合材料的研制作些初步的探索。1 实验材料与方法实验

The variety, production cross section, energy spectrum and double differential cross section have been calculated for the secondary particles produced by reactions of high energy protons in silicon.

计算得到了不同能量的高能质子与硅反应产生的次级粒子种类、截面、能谱和双微分截面。

Both cases are acompanied by the light-emission from the transition from higher excited-state to lower excited-state, and the total superfluous band energy of nuclear system is released by means of excited element, and an energy level appears in the ground-state band, which signifies a quantum phase transition.

基于微观IBM理论，提出转动诱导出玻色子量子相变的一种可能途径：一旦原子核在受到高能激发或作快速旋转时，假如外界提供的能量足以使玻色子完成拆对顺排，则核处于集体相与单粒子态的共存相，其特征是出现较密集的能谱；假如能量不足以完成拆对或顺排，可能发生两种情况之一，当核旋转达到某个临界转动频率ω c时，或者一个高角动量的玻色子脱离"集体"而"游离"出来，或者发生一个高角动量的玻色子转变为一个低角动量的玻色子，核仍旧处于集体相；均会伴随出现光辐射，产生基态带的一条能级——相变信号。

Energy density and particle density in high energy heavy-ion collisions are calculated with infinite series expansion method and Gauss-Laguerre formulas in numerical integration separately, and the results of these two methods are compared, the higher terms and linear terms in series expansion are also compared.

分别用无穷级数展开方法和数值积分计算中的高斯拉盖尔求积法对高能重离子碰撞中能量密度和粒子密度数值进行计算，并对结果及级数展开中的高次项和一次项的大小进行了比较。

Therefore, searching for these particles at present and future high-energy colliders, will be a good way to find the new physics beyond the Standard Model and to varify the Minimal Supersymmetry Standard Model.

因此，在现在和未来的高能对撞机上探测这些粒子将成为寻找标准模型以外的新物理，验证最小超对称标准模型的一个重要途径。

In high energy heavy ion collisions, the suppression of the yield of final state high transverse momentum hadrons is considered to be a important signal of exiting Quark-Gluon Plasma. In the process of Nucleus-Nucleus collisions, hard scattering is on the initial stage.

这种相变的发生是由于以相对论速度飞行的高能重离子在相互发生碰撞的过程中，巨大的粒子动能被沉积在核-核碰撞的有限区域内，并转化为热能，形成极端高温高密环境，迫使强子体系解禁闭，形成QGP新物质形态，并最终转化为末态粒子的产生。

In the "indirect" process, first observed in neutral kaon particles in 1964, quantum mechanics allows particles to change into their antiparticles and back again in a process known as "mixing". In 2001, The BaBar team, working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator -- and independently the Belle collaboration at the KEK laboratory in Japan -- were the first experiments to detect this in a B meson. BaBar observed "direct" CP violation in 2004 by showing that the number of decays observed for B mesons was higher than for their antiparticle equivalents.

在&间接&过程中，量子力学允许粒子在一种被称为&混合&的过程中，在自身与其反粒子之间相互转变。1964年人们第一次在中性K介子上观测到这种现象。2001年，在斯坦福直线加速器中心工作的BaBar研究组和另一个日本高能加速器研究中心的Belle研究小组各自独立地第一次在实验中观测到这种现象发生在B介子上。2004年，BaBar小组观测到了&直接&电荷宇称不守恒，他们发现观察到的B介子的衰变数量要高于其对应的反物质。

By consideringthe formation time of secondary particles we have developed theparticipant nucleon model incorperating the secondary collisionsnaturally and calculated the increase of the 〓 ratio caused by thesecondary collisions of pions with target nucleons.

本论文另一研究工作就是通过考虑次级粒子的形成时间，自然地将参加者核子模型发展成为包括次级碰撞过程的模型，并根据此物理图象，计算了高能原子核一原子核碰撞过程中由于π介子与核子的次级碰撞过程而导致的次级粒子中的K+/π+比例的增加。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。