高林地

In general, it seems that the field margin and woodland were much fitter for carabid living than cropland; and it was beneficial to protect and establish such habitat for the biodiversity in agro-ecosystem.3 Because of the long-term intensively agricultural land using and rapid urbanization, the vegetation in the Dongbeiwang village was extremely homogeneous.

不同的生境类型下步甲群落的个体数量差异很大，农田生境中步甲群落个体数量都较低，林地和农田边界地带较高；不同土地利用类型下，步甲群落的物种数量也有显著差异，农田边界处步甲群落的物种数量最多，其次为林地和与边界相邻的农田，而农田中出现的物种数量最少。

In this paper, as a case of Karamay, we have studied on space-time changement of soil quality in oasis of arid area. We measured quality for different land use types and years in same type by combinativing field sampling for Karamay in Xinjiang and analysis in laboratory, which is directed by former theory of soil quality. Then we did integrated evaluation of soil quality for different land use types, and had drew some conclusions as followed: In four land use types, the soil bulk density of layers(0～15cm) for farmland and tree land is bigger than the other land use types.The organic matter of every layer in manpower Tamarix Bulrush land is bigger; organic matter of Tamarix Bulrush land release efficiency nitrogen which result ration of C/N is higher; total nitrogen of all layers in farmland variety great as being effected by mass use of nitrogen in agriculture; deadwood and defoliation of tree、shrub and bulrush pooled in 5cm layer to result that quick nitrogen is the biggest among all layers. The total salt of nature shrub tree land for every layer being bigger than farmland explain that nature shrub thee land strongly stand salt and farmland for basification in this area; that the nutrient of face layer is bigger than the ground layer may be explained by that vegetation gather nutrient to be stored in deadwood and defoliation.

本文对以克拉玛依为例，对干旱区绿洲土壤质量的时间空间变化进行研究，在有关土壤质量的研究理论指导下，通过田间调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法，对新疆克拉玛依市农业开发区的不同土地利用方式及同一土地利用方式下不同利用年限土样土壤理化性质进行测定，从而对新垦绿洲不同土地利用类型土壤质量进行综合评价，结果如下：四种土地利用方式中，农地、乔木林地表层(0-15cm)土壤容重较大；各土层人工柽柳芦苇地的土壤有机质含量均较大；柽柳芦苇地的有机质在矿化过程中所释放出有效氮，导致柽柳芦苇地的C/N比例较高；受到农业耕作使用大量氮肥的影响，农地各土层全氮含量变异较明显；乔木、灌木及芦苇的枯枝落叶主要集中在5cm范围之内，导致几种土地利用方式类型下该层土壤速效氮最大；天然灌木林地的土壤总盐在各层均较大，其次是农地，说明天然灌木林地的高耐盐能力，以及该区农业生产用地的土壤盐碱化程度较重。

The results indicated that the content of organic matter of the natural meadow and the arbor forest land in the 0-20 cm surface soil grew separately by 36.11% and 32.96%; the nitrogen content of the natural meadow and the arbor forest land was also high, being 66.88 mg/kg and 69.37 mg/kg, respectively; the content of fast-acting potassium in the surface soil was higher than that of meadow ,while the activity of the urea enzyme, alkaline phosphatese and sucrase of the arbor forest land was stronger than that of the other four land utilization modes.

结果表明，天然草地和乔木林地10~20 cm表层土壤有机质增长率均较大，为36.11%和32.96%，二者碱解氮含量也较高，分别为66.88和69.37mg/kg；乔木林地和灌木林地0~20 cm 表层土壤有效磷含量均高于天然草地和人工草地，乔木林地速效钾含量最高。

By analyzing soil quality of 4 kinds of land use types in Kalamay agriculture development area according to principal component analysis, we draw the conclusions: nature shrub tree land is affected little by mankind, a great deal of organic matter return to soil every year, and root system can improve soil physical quality, can absorb salt from soil, so the soil quality of nature shrub tree land is the best; the soil quality of farmland is better than the soil quality of manpower Tamarix Bulrush land, which may be reasoned that man make for soil quality by irrigation to exclude salt and fertilizing organic muck in the earlier oasis digging up period. Soil physical qualities of tree land get harden and worsen for flooding irrigation, furthermore climate in Kalamay is dry and rainless , the other irrigation is very long time after the former one, so soil get harden severity and result soil physical quality get worse and worse.

利用主成分分析法分析新疆克拉玛依农业开发区四种土地利用方式下的土壤质量，得出：天然灌木林地，受人为影响较小，每年有大量有机物质返还土壤，且天然灌木的根系可以很好的改良土壤的物理性质，同时所选天然灌木林灌木多是耐盐碱并且本身又具有吸收积累来自土壤的盐分，土壤质量最好；农田受到的人为影响最大，但农田综合得分却好于人工柽柳芦苇地综合得分，这可能是由于在开垦初期的绿洲农田，受到了人们灌水压盐及增施各种有机无机肥料等有利于土壤质量提高的措施所致；乔木林地，由于人们用大水漫灌的方式灌溉，致使林地土壤变得板结，土壤物理性质下降，加上克拉玛依地区气候干燥少雨，一次灌溉后较长时间后才有下一次灌溉，致使土壤理化性质恶化，土壤质量不高。

The analyses of social and economic development indicate that, up to 1998, the total population in Yijinholo County is 143, 949 persons, the population density is 24 persons per square kilometer, large population number results in land exploitation for food and overgrazing in rangeland. The change in temporal and spatial pattern of landuse from 1977 to 1998 demonstrates that mobile sand dunes was replaced by rangeland and woodland and partial shrubland in the middle of study area changed into rangeland and farmland from 1977 to 1987, while mobile sand dunes and rangeland transformed into shrubland and farmland in a small parts from 1987 to 1998, the above-mentioned change is proved by the change of fractal dimension index and fragmentation index at landscape and its element levels.

对近50年来伊旗社会经济发展的分析结果表明，虽然人口增长率基本上呈下降趋势，但由于人口基数较大，截至1998年底，伊金霍洛旗的人口总数达143949人，人口密度为24人／平方公里，较高的人口密度带来了更多的生存需求，使得大量的草牧场被开垦，而剩余的则严重超载。1977-1998年间伊土地利用结构总体格局变化的分析结果表明，1977-1987时段内主要是流动沙地为草牧场和乔木林地所取代，伴随着中部的部分灌木林地转换为草牧场和农地：而1987-1998时段内主要是草牧场和流沙地为灌木林地和农地特别是灌木林地所取代，而景观及各景观要素的分维度指数和破碎度指数的变化也充分证实了这一结论，虽然在前10年（1977-1987年）中大面积的灌木林被砍伐，但土地利用格局的整体变化间接地反映出该时段内荒漠化的状况正在发生逆转。

The visible and near infrared channels of ASTER data were used to classification to obtain the underlaying surface types.

下垫面的热惯量与城市热岛强度的相关性是通过其相关系数来表征的，研究表明各下垫面类型热惯量与热岛强度都存在负相关的关系，不同时间、不同下垫面的相关程度不同，2004年1月27日最高的负相关是林地(-0.3970)，稍高的是道路(-0.3549)和水体(-0.3140)，然后是建筑物(-0.2941)，最低的负相关是草地(-0.2883)；而8月31日最高的负相关是水体(-0.5683)，稍高的是林地(-0.4882)和草地(-0.4697)，然后是建筑物(-0.1811)，最低的负相关是道路(-0.1403)。

Soil CEC and organic matter content were higher in forest-land, grassland and farmland than in orchard land, and soil pH was lower in forestland than in other three land use types. Soil pH, CEC and organic matter content were higher in plateau land and sloping land than in gully bottom and terrace land. Soil CEC and organic matter content were higher in dark loessial soil and rebified soil, while soil pH was higher in yellow loessial soil.

不同土地利用方式下，土壤有机质和CEC以林地、草地和农田较高，果园较低；pH则以林地较低，其他利用方式较高；不同地形条件下，3种土壤性质均呈塬面和坡地大于沟道和梯田的趋势；不同类型土壤中，有机质和CEC以黑沪土和红土较高，pH则以黄绵土较高。

The study shows that the bulk subsoil can increase the rate of infiltration greatly and improve the physical structure of soil and decrease the amount of water distribution along the slope again. Further more, the growth of Caragana in area that was subsoiled increased 50.15% compare to contrast region. This paper suggests that the technology of bulk subsoil should be spread in arid region and semi-arid region as well as bess plateau.

结果表明，全方位深松技术可以明显的提高土壤入渗性能，改善土壤物理结构，减少水分沿坡面的二次分配，间接起到消减坡度的作用；经过全方位深松处理的柠条林地的土壤入渗效果也有明显的提高，改善了林地的水分条件，从而促进了柠条的生长，试验期间内对照区柠条最大生长量为12cm，平均增长量为5.17cm，深松区最大生长量也为12cm，但平均增长量8.28cm，比对照区要高50.15％。

But the timber price is higher, farmers\' harvest willingness is higher as famers hold the waiting attitude. Farmers want to harvest in the large forest plot and bad quality forestland. Other varibles results are sames as the above.In the end, the article puts forward some policy suggestions from three aspects to promote farmers to promote household to engage in forest management on the basis of above analysis.

之后，利用Probit模型估计了农户木材采伐意愿的影响因素，发现影响因素与木材决策的相似，但是木材价格与农户木材采伐意愿负相关，在木材价格持续走高的形势下，农户持观望态度；林地地块面积越大，农户采伐意愿越高；林地立地质量越差，农户越想采伐，可能是想进行低产林改造；其他变量结论与木材采伐决策结论相同。

Sables tended to select old-growth coniferous forests, and they specially selected small tree's density, big tree's density, big tree's DBH and Log's density sables preferred milddle cover's site to open sites and high cover's sites. Habitat Selection varied with season. In winter.

紫貂喜好原始针叶林，对小树密度，大树密度、大树DBH和倒木密度有很强选择性，紫貂喜好中盖度林地而避免开阔地和高盖度林地，一年四季其生境选择有一定的差异。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。