髓管

Mastery the method of root canal treatment, includeing method of root canal preparation (standardized system, step-back technique, step-down technique) and root canal condensation technique, principle , operation, incidental problem in the operation course of every kind endodontic treatment method

掌握根管治疗的操作方法，包括根管预备方法（标准法，逐步后退法，冠根向深入法）和根管充填方法，各种牙髓治疗方法的原理、适应症、操作方法及操作过程中容易发生的问题

The kidney is composed of renal corpuscle , neck segment , proximal tubule, middle segment, distal tubule and collecting tubule.

肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成，肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊组成，在肾小体附近可见致密斑样结构，未见髓袢结构。

In group 35mg/kg, the karyopyknosis of the tubular epithelial cells of cortical increased. The structure of epithelium disappeared, that of glomcrulus disorganized and medulla were involved. In group 25 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, severity of pathological changes were between that of group 20 mg/kg and group 35 mg/kg.

35mg/kg染毒组皮质部小管上皮细胞细胞核固缩增多，上皮细胞结构消失，少数肾小球结构紊乱，髓质部小管细胞核固缩，管腔消失。25mg/kg和30mg/kg染毒组病理损伤程度介于上述两组之间。

objective to investigate the effect of radiography and method of operation on the surgical indication as well as the operation treatment of lumbar disc herniation and lumbar canal stenosis.methods the data of 300 cases with lumbar disc herniation and lumbar canal stenosis were reviewed from jan 1999 to dec 2004.all cases were treated by the method of minimal invasive open operation.the nucleus was resected through an 3.5～4.5cm in length.the sacrospinalis muscle between laminae was stripped partly and the part of upper lamina and the part of medial facet was resected.

目的 探讨影像学检查和手术方法对腰椎间盘突出症和椎管狭窄症手术方式和适应证的影响。方法自1999年1月～2004年12月，为300例腰椎间盘突出症和椎管狭窄症患者实施微创开放式手术，做3.5～4.5cm长的皮肤切口，剥离椎间的部分骶棘肌，咬除部分椎板上缘及小关节内侧缘后，摘除髓核，并根据需要做半椎板或全椎板手术或扩大神经根管和切除肥厚的黄韧带及神经管内的骨性增生。

Key words］root canal apex locator; periapical diseases; dental pulp cavity; working length; aged

1.2 方法常规开髓揭顶，清理根管，将root zx根管测量仪电极置于被测牙的对侧口角处，探测端接10号k型锉，缓慢进入根管，当测量仪显示到达根尖孔时，用制动片记录其长度，直接摄x线片证实k型锉所到达的位置，确定根管测量仪的准确性。

Results: group A( diskectomy, 160 cases) were followed up and excellent: short-term 90%,in the near future 88%, long-term 84%;36 cases were accepted second operation during 0.5 year to 5 year and 28 cases had nerve root canal stenosis.

结果：A组随访总有效率分别为：短期90％，近期88％，远期84％；有36例(22.5％)患者在0.5-5年间接受了二次椎间盘手术，其中28例原因为神经根管狭窄。B组(髓核摘除并神经根管探查、扩大术组)168例病例术中发现88例(52.4％)有不同程度神经根管狭窄，且均为年龄40岁以上、平均病程5.8年的患者；随访总有效率分别为：短期98％，近期95％，远期92％。

Methods From June 2004 to December 2006, 112 patients （230 vital teeth） who were performed root canal therapy for oral restoration, accidental perforation of pulp chamber and endodontitis were selected.

2004年6月至2006年12月，以因口腔修复需要、意外穿髓或牙髓炎发作而需行根管治疗的112例患者（230颗活髓牙）作为研究对象。

67 of old person latent to split tooth carry on clinical diagnosis, adopt the complex treatment method according to different situations to 63. 4 shallow form latent to split tooth, dental pulp normal having subjective symptoms to be only competent to transfer tooth treat jointly; Have deeper crackle as to 5, the vigor of dental pulp is normal, but there is trouble tooth of dentine irritated symptom, prepares against the hole, is filled with on the crack while adjusting the tooth contract; Pulpitis, 22 58 drops of trouble tooth with the sharp disease, symptom of the root already appear to 36, go ahead of the rest steel wire ring pitch or make, bring ring bonding in order to protect corona, rub except that high sharp abrupt slope, after dispelling the tooth and shutting the wound, the root canal with complete regeneration, observe for 2 weeks, after there is no clinical symptom, preceded and repair completely in time.

对63例老年人67颗隐裂牙进行临床诊断，并根据不同情况采用了综合治疗的方法。4颗浅表的隐裂牙，牙髓正常且无自觉症状仅行调牙合治疗；对于5颗有较深裂纹，牙髓活力正常，但有牙本质过敏症状的患牙，调牙合同时在裂隙处备洞、充填；对36颗已出现牙髓炎、22颗伴有根尖病症状的58颗患牙，先行钢丝环扎或做带环粘结以保护牙冠，磨除高尖陡坡，消除牙合创伤后，再行完善的根管治疗，观察2周，无临床症状后，及时做全冠修复。

Objective To evaluate clinical effect of the handling ProTaper Nickel-titanium rotary instruments in preparation of canals of posterior teeth.Methods 96teeth with pulpitis or periapical periodontitis were instrumented by handling ProTaper rotary instruments using step-down technique,and by K files using step-back technique for control.All teeth were obturated with lateral condensation methods.The efficiency of preparation was analyzed with ra-diographs before and after operation.

目的 评价手用ProTaper预备后牙根管的临床效果方法选取患有牙髓炎和根尖周炎的后牙96例，随机分成试验组和对照组各48例，试验组用手用ProTaper 锥度镍钛旋转器械逐步伸入法预备根管，对照组用K锉，逐步后退法预备根管，两组均用侧向加压充填法充填根管，根据治疗后的X线片，评价后牙根管预备效果。

Methods 96teeth with pulpitis or periapical periodontitis were instrumented by handling ProTaper rotary instruments using step-down technique,and by K files using step-back technique for control.All teeth were obturated with lateral condensation methods.The efficiency of preparation was analyzed with ra-diographs before and after operation.

选取患有牙髓炎和根尖周炎的后牙96例，随机分成试验组和对照组各48例，试验组用手用ProTaper多锥度镍钛旋转器械逐步伸入法预备根管，对照组用K锉，逐步后退法预备根管，两组均用侧向加压充填法充填根管，根据治疗前后的X线片，评价后牙根管预备效果。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。