髓突

Neural cell adhesion molecule L1, discovered in the 80s, is one of the matters that can promote nerve regeneration. It can mediate the interaction of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix, take great efforts on neurite outgrowth and fasciculation, migration of neural cells, formation of the myelin, structure of neural trace, transmembrane signal transduction, inhibiting apoptosis of neural cells, even on immune system and formation of the tumor. Li is discovered on the mouse's Cerebellar membrane primarily. Thereafter, it also is found in post- mitotic neurons, pre- and non-myelinating Schwann cells and so on.

神经细胞粘附分子L1（L1）是80年代发现的具有促进神经再生作用的物质，它能介导神经细胞与神经细胞之间的粘附，在神经轴突的生长、聚集，神经细胞的转移，纤维髓鞘的形成，神经通路的构建及信号的转导，抑制神经细胞的凋亡甚至在免疫系统、肿瘤的发生等方面均具有非常重要的作用。L1最初是从小鼠的小脑膜中发现，后来发现在有丝分裂后的神经元，髓鞘形成前及非形成髓鞘的雪旺细胞等组织中同样存在。

That speed, in turn, depends a great deal on the myelination of the neuron's axons… The more myelin sheathes the axon, the faster the neuron can conduct its charge.

速度，在又取决于了大量关于髓鞘的神经元的神经轴突…更髓鞘sheathes轴突，更快的神经元可以进行收费。

Two weeks later, we measured the degree of the inclined plane and analyzed electrophysiological parameters such as latency, stimulus threshold and amplitude of MEP-C.

目前，多项研究表明OECs有促进轴突再生以及使脱髓鞘轴突重新髓鞘化的作用，因此有希望成为治疗脊髓损伤的一种新工具。

Especially, the number of type Ⅰ complex terminals which come from unmyelinated afferent fibers recovered to the level of unoperated side. It indicates that morphine may promote the collateral sprouting and synaptic reinnervation of primary afferent fiber, unmyelinated afferent in particular. 4. Although the collateral sprouting and synaptic reinnervation were shown also in spinal cord of operated side in 34 days spared root rats, they were slower than that of morphine spared root group.

表明吗啡促进了备用根初级传入纤维，特别是无髓纤维更快地向L〓脊髓段侧支出芽，稍后在L〓平面脊髓内侧支出芽以及突触重建。4、34天备用根大鼠术侧脊髓内也有侧支出芽和突触重建，不过侧支出芽的速度要比吗啡组慢。5、电镜定量结果也显示，吗啡备用根大鼠和备用根大鼠术侧备用根的无髓纤维数比备用根大鼠非手术侧的分别增多60％和42％。

Therefore, in the present study, a retrograde and anterograde experiments were made in the rat to address this issue. After injection of cholera toxin B subunit, a retrograde tracer, into Barrington's nucleus or D-region, some retrogradely labeled neurons were found in lamina I, sacral parasympathetic nucleus and dorsal commissural nucleus of the lumbosacral spinal cord segments. Injection of biotinylated dextran amine into lamina I, sacral parasympathetic nucleus and dorsal commissural nucleus, respectively, a large number of BDA-labeled axon terminals were seen in Barrington's nucleus and D-region.

发现，将逆行示踪剂霍乱毒素 B 亚单位（ Cholera toxin B subunit； CTb ）注射到 Barrington's 核或 D 区后，在大鼠腰骶髓 I 层、骶髓副交感核和后连合核内分布有一定数量的 CTb 逆标神经元；将顺行示踪剂结合生物素的葡聚糖胺(Biotinylated dextran amine； BDA)分别注射到腰骶髓 I 层、骶髓副交感核和后连合核内后， Barrington's 核和 D 区内出现大量顺行标记的轴突终末。

We introduced improved primary mixed glial culture and different-attachment method to isolate and purify the OPCs, the cells were proliferated in serum-free medium, flow cytometry and immunohischemistry methods were employed to estimate the purity of cultured OPCs. Their abilities of differentiation and expression of trophic factors were identified by RT-PCR and immunostaining. Several methods including TUNEL and MTT were adopted to estimate the protective effects of conditioned culture medium from oligodendrocyte lineage cells on the primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Intravitreal transplant of OPCs, combined with retrograde fluorescent labeling the superior colliculus and intraorbital optic nerve transection, were used to investigate the protective effects of OPCs on the axotomized RGCs in vivo. Intravitreal transplantof OPCs or NSCs on the newborn rats, and retinal transplant of OPCs on the young rats were performed, to observe the myelin formation in the retina at different stages after cellular transplantation. Optic nerve transection was carried out on some rats with myelinated retinae, to study the influence of myelination on the injuried RGCs.

为此，本研究采用改良的胶质细胞混合培养与差速贴壁方法获得大鼠OPCs，使用无血清培养基进行扩增、培养，用免疫组织化学和流式细胞技术对培养细胞的纯度进行鉴定，对少突胶质系细胞表达部分营养因子的情况进行检测；采用TUNEL、MTT等方法对少突胶质系细胞条件培养基对原代培养小脑颗粒神经元的保护作用进行检测；将OPCs移植入成年SD大鼠玻璃体内，利用上丘逆行荧光标记技术，观察眼内移植的OPCs对眶内视神经切断时的视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用及其持续时间；将OPCs或NSCs移植入新生和幼年SD大鼠玻璃体或视网膜内，观察不同时期视网膜内髓鞘形成与分布特点，分析髓鞘的超微结构，并观察眼内髓鞘形成对损伤神经节细胞的保护作用。

Methods: Based on the theory of "kidney produces sui", we set up MCAO rat model. Five indexes including Nestin, PSA-NCAM, MAP-2, GAP-43 and SYN38 were measured in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods to evaluate the effects of Fujian Tablet on the proliferation, migration, differentiation of neural stem cells, axonal growth and synapse formation. Other two indexes including trk-B, NOGO-A were used to assess the effects on the neurotropic factor and inhibitory factor.

以&肾生髓&的理论为依据，以MCAO大鼠为实验对象，利用原位杂交技术和免疫组织化学方法，分别以nestin、PSA-NCAM、MAP-2、GAP-43、突触素p38为指标，观察复健片对神经干细胞增殖、迁移、分化、轴突生长、突触形成的影响；分别以trk-B、NOGO-A为指标，观察复健片对神经生长营养因子、抑制因子的影响。

A case is made that areas of chronic demyelination arise because of concurrent loss of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes and that because of the slow rate of repopulation that occurs in old individuals the recruited OPCs are not exposed to the acute inflammatory environment required to generate remyelinating oligodendrocytes.

一种说法是慢性脱髓鞘的区域产生系因少突胶质原始细胞和少突胶质细胞并存，而且因老年个体中缓慢的再生率，补充的OPCs没有暴露于产生髓鞘再生少突胶质细胞需要的急性炎症的环境。

The sinus gland is a roughly ellipsoidstructure which is situated dorso-laterally at the transition of the medulla intema andmedulla terminalia.

这些神经分泌细胞发出的轴突汇集成束，形成一条轴路，斜穿过端髓，在端髓与内髓交接处背侧膨大形成窦腺。

Results Under our experimental conditions, three kinds of NO donors when in lower concentrations could not cause obvious changes of axons while when the concentration of DETA NONOate was doubled, it could induce the non-selective demyelination and Wallerian degeneration of both sensory and motor nerve fibers.

结果：在本实验条件下，应用三种NO供体的低浓度，都不能引起大鼠坐骨神经轴突的改变；将DETA NONOate浓度加倍则可导致轴突脱髓鞘和沃勒变性，但对有髓鞘纤维和无髓鞘纤维并无选择性作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。