骑士制度

He describes in an early novel the miraculous way in which a flat, abstract contrivance can take on vitality and light: Little by little, the pieces and squares began to come to life and exchange impressions. The crude might of the queen was transformed into refined power, restrained and directed by a system of sparkling levers; the pawns grew cleverer; the knights stepped forth with a Spanish caracole ...

他描述早期的小说用的是神奇方式的单元，抽象的创造的方式具有活力与轻盈：逐渐地从片断和广场开始，到生活和交流印象，一个有自然力量的女王可以转变完善权力制度，由闪耀的杠杆系统克制并且进行指挥，典当行业的增长使人更加聪明，骑士又加强了与西班牙马术中的回旋技术。

The Middle Ages is called as the heroic age of chivalry.At first,the chivalry in Western Europe in Middle Ages is a cavalryman in heavy equipment who originated from the old Germanic convention.They played a decisive role in the battlefield of Europe in the Middle Ages.

中世纪西欧骑士制度是一种形式化的制度，它是以军事采邑为基础，以骑士服役为特征，把基督教作为它的指导思想，以中小封建主统治为本质的骑士阶层所特有的组织制度、道德准则等诸多方面的总称。

Economically, the establishment of the system of the nationwide tax revenue made that the feudal government had steady source of revenue. Militarily, the constant fight impelled the transition from feudal knight's system of military service to the agreement, the cavalryman to the infantry. At the political system, during the wars the king levied taxes must be permitted by parliament made it came down to establish finally as a Representative system and the foun- dation of the British political system since modern times.

经济上，全国性税收体制的确立使封建政府有了稳定的收入来源；军事上，不断的征战促使封建骑士兵役制向契约制，骑兵制向步兵制的转变；政治制度上，议会在战争期间批准国王征税的权力最终使之作为一种代议机制确立下来，并奠定了近代以来英国政体的基础。

We know little about the origins of chivalry.

我们对于骑士制度的起源知之甚少。

Chapter 1 Fief military service system.

第一章封土骑士军役制度。

Early Norman Conquer, large amount of land has provided a guarantee for fief military service system, so that it will become a highly effective defense mechanism.

诺曼征服初期，征服的大量土地为封土骑士军役制度的实行提供了前提和物资保障，使之成为一种高效的防御机制。

The story is about the knightly s of bravery and honesty.

它以巨大的艺术表现力反映了骑士制度的理想，是中世纪封建贵族文化的精髓。

As far as I know, the Middle Ages is the age of the knight and knight class is the backbone element of the society, chivalry is not only a sort of European mechanism, but also has a kind of knight culture and spirit which affect the whole age. Until the quattrocento, chivalry is still the strong ethical idea which controls people's thoughts and hearts after religion.

据我所知，骑士制度不仅是一种全欧洲的机制，中世纪就是骑士时代，骑士阶层是社会的中坚力量，而且骑士制度具有一种影响整个时代的骑士文化与精神，直至十五世纪，骑士制度在宗教之后，仍是支配人们思想和心灵的强大伦理观念。

Fortunately for the Poles, the last King to rule with any true sense of stability, Kazimierz I, paved the way for granting fiefdoms to his warriors, establishing a tradition of feudalistic knighthood required to be a power in Europe today.

对波兰人来说幸运的是，最终卡齐米日一世统一了王国，并带来了真正意义上的稳定。他给他的战士们分封土地，从而建立了一个封建骑士制度，并使波兰成为了欧洲的一股力量直至今日。

Initially, shires and cities were unwilling to elect and send representatives and the commons were also unwilling to attend the Parliament. Subsequently, with the position improvement of House of Commons, each shire or city was actively participated in parliament.

选举制度主要是各郡选举骑士代表，城市选举市民代表，最初各郡与城市都不愿选派代表，地方代表也不愿出席议会；后来随着下议院地位的提高，各地参加议会的热情日渐高涨。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。