风险资本

The New Capital Accord attaches more importance to banks inside system of assessing risks than to the capital adequacy, and emphasizes the supplementary role of Supervisory Review of Capital Adequacy and Market Discipline.

新协议将原来单一的最低资本充足率水平的监管转向银行的内部风险评估体系，强调银行监管当局的监督检查和市场纪律对最低资本充足率的补充规定。

Capital adequacy measures, including risk-based capital and leverage ratios

资本充足率指标，包括基于风险的资本比率和杠杆比率

Then, I define the concept and composition of financing cost and capital cost, 1 suggest that financing cost is the contract cost of financing, which consists of capital cost and financing fees.

继而，通过对筹资契约签定过程中各种冲突、投资者承受风险的分析，界定了筹资成本和资本成本的概念和构成，认为筹资成本就是筹资契约成本，由资本成本和筹资费用两部分组成。

But four state-owned commercial banks as the dominant force of China"s banking are facing difficulties of low capital adequacy ratio, weak internal and external supervision system and lacking market discipline mechanism, which are far from the requirements of the New Capital Accord and bring about many financial risks and threat the safety of China"s finance.

但以四大国有银行为主体的中国银行业面临着资本充足率低下、内外监管体系脆弱、市场约束机制缺乏等困难，这不仅与新资本协议的要求相差太远，还引致许多金融风险，威胁着中国金融的安全和国际竞争力。

But the opening up of capital market has the characteristic of high risk and kittle supervisal. If we open the capital market too fast without mature condition, it will result in a series of negative aftermaths.

但资本市场的开放往往伴随风险大，难于监管的特点，在条件不成熟时过快开放资本市场，将会导致一系列消极严重的后果。

Keywords Operation mode of Financial Conglomerate;Triangular Fuzzy Number Evaluation;Mode of Financial Supervision;Risk Measurement;Ternary Variate Normal Copula-VaR;Allocation of Economic capital;Virtual Econ

Article From 天津大学；管理科学与工程博士论文 2004年度金融混业经营模式；三角模糊数综合评价；金融监管模式；风险度量；三元正态Copula-VaR；经济资本分配；虚拟经济资本

Taking Venture Capital dramatic growth in the past two decades into consideration, we can sum up that Venture Capital, which have recuperated the vices of capital market and implied the requirement of New Economics, is an omnibus product of technique and market.

通过考察风险投资的发展进程，可以得出：风险投资反映知识经济的要求，弥补了资本市场的缺陷，是技术与市场高度融合的产物，同时，风险投资的发展离不开健全的市场经济法律制度的保障。

According to the request of IRB system in NBCA, this paper analyzes the core factors of IRB system, combs and portrays the IRB process adding the step of risk precaution, describes several quantitative methods of risk precaution and compares them, then collets the methods of credit rating, does some deep researches in measurement of PD which are the core contents of IRB system, and does some empirical analysis using EDF model, finally gives the application of the IRB system and draws the chart of credit risk quantization in terms of portfolio theory, wishes to provide beneficial reference for the development and improvement of Chinese commercial banks'IRB system.

本文按照巴塞尔新资本协议中内部评级系统的要求，分析和解读了内部评级系统中的关键要素，梳理并描画了添加风险预警环节后的内部评级流程，分析了风险预警的各种定量方法并进行了比较，然后汇总了信用评级的方法，深入研究了违约概率的测度方法，用EDF模型作了些实证分析，最后归纳整理出了内部评级系统的应用，并描画了基于资产组合的信用风险量化流程图，以期为我国商业银行内部评级系统的发展和完善提供有益的参考。

But QDII in nature is an innovation of"Financial Control", it must accompany with risks. Besides the common risks of securities investment such as market risk or operation risk, carrying out QDII may enhance the contagions of external financial risk, intensify capital outflows. It also involves the reformation of our country's foreign exchange regulation system, and calls for strengthening cooperation of international securities supervision .

除了证券投资普遍存在的市场风险、操作风险外，还可能增强本国对外部金融风险的感染性、加剧资本外流倾向，同时也牵涉到外汇管理变革、跨国证券监管合作等复杂问题。2006年4月人民银行的5号公告正式打开了我国的QDII之门。

Through risk analysis of training, pointed out that (1) the particularity of human capital is the root causes of risk;(2) the lack of evaluation of training effectiveness is the direct cause;(3) the discrepancy of training and other sectors of human resources is the final cause of why training effectiveness is difficult to transform.

通过对培训风险的分析，指出（1）人力资本的特殊性是风险产生的根本原因；（2）对培训效果缺乏评估是培训风险的直接原因；（3）培训与人力资源管理其他环节的脱节是培训效果难以有效转化的最终原因。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。