风险

The thesis sets out from the general theories of economic risks and banking credit risks management, to represent that economic risks are one of basic characters of modern market economy, and the banking credit risks are the focalization of the whole economic risks.

论文从经济风险及银行信贷风险管理的一般理论出发，阐明经济风险是现代市场经济的基本特征之一，而银行信贷风险是整个经济风险的集中反映。风险的本质在于收益与损失的可能性并存，因而对经济主体有激励效应与约束效应。

All this means to emphasize the imperativeness to improving the evaluation of marketing risk for our nations commercial bank.Then this paper set up an index system for three kinds of important marketing risk factors separately, given the corresponding weight to each kind of risk and to each index of each risk factor, thus got the score of every kind of risk and score of the comprehensive marketing risk, and analyzed this respectively.

论文首先通过各种方法识别了影响商业银行营销活动的所有营销风险，然后分别对三类重要的营销风险因素建立了能够表征它们的指标体系，对每类风险和表征每个风险因素的指标都赋予了相应的权重，从而得到了每一类风险的得分和综合营销风险的得分，并对此分别进行了分析。

To effectively dodge export risks of domestic manufactures,aiming at the characteristics of exporting power station goods to India,this paper analyzes India s electric power capital construction market and risks in credit,contract prices,bank guarantee letter,and tax return policy change,etc.

为有效规避国内制造厂家出口风险，文章针对印度火电工程电站物资出口贸易市场的特点，全面分析了印度电力基建市场环境及电站物资国际贸易流程中的信用风险、合同价款风险、银行保函风险、出口退税政策调整风险，并提出了有效的风险解决方案。

To improve the venture supervisory system of our country and to enhance the competition level of the commercial bank is the only way to make the commercial bank a better challenge for the whole opening of our commercial bank. Also, it is the only way for commercial bank to grow up rapidly in the condition of opening and to inosculate in international market.

我国的商业银行风险监管体系包括静态监管体系和动态监管体系，通过分析动态监管体系和静态监管体系之间的关系，可以得出，静态监管条目下的法律体系、组织体系和技术体系可以代表整个风险监管体系的内容，该风险监管体系要对我国商业银行面临的信用风险、市场风险、操作风险等进行监管。

The financing risks of enterprises are mainly bank loan,stock,bond,tenancy,joint operation,importment of foreign fund and so on.

企业筹资风险主要有银行借款筹资风险、股票筹资风险、债券筹资风险、租赁筹资风险、联营及引进外资筹资风险等。

This thesis intends to explore fundamental causes for risks related to financing activities of our state-owned commercial banks and draw relevant proposals to tackle these causes by undertaking thorough investigations into internal and external variables related to financing activities of the banksThis thesis firstly investigate four external variables affecting financing activities, including enterprises, government, central bank and social creditability before proceeding to make an enquiry into internal variables and make proposals to deal with these external and internal variables that cause risks related to financing activities.

本文旨在通过对国有商业银行贷款风险的研究，对我国国有商业银行信贷风险从银行内、外部因素这两大角度作了深入的分析，探究我国国有商业银行信贷风险产生的根本原因，并提出相应的对策。文章从企业、政府、中央银行、社会信用等四个方面对信贷风险产生的外部因素进行了探究，而后通过对信贷风险产生的内部因素的分析，为银行信贷风险管理指明了方向。

3Rd chapter summarizes the principal character that our country venture capital develops at present, and analyses the problem that our country venture capital there exists in job at present mainly, such as: the government supporting strength to venture capital job is insufficient, risk capital scale is minor, financing gap is big, the venture capital professional is deficient, the venture capital withdrawing from is machine-made wait urgently after perfect.

第3章 概述我国风险投资目前发展的主要特征，并主要分析目前我国风险投资业存在的问题，诸如：政府对风险投资业的支持力度不够、风险资本规模小，资金缺口大、风险投资专业人才匮乏、风险投资的退出机制亟待完善等。

Then,we improve CSFP Model in two aspects:when we ascertain the frequency of default,we use negative binomial distribution to substitute Poisson distribution so that the model can measure the data better;when we ascertain the loss distribution of default,we use Γ-distribution to substitute normal distribution.

其创新与特色一是对贷款组合的风险暴露数进行分段，在每一频段上分别确定风险暴露数分布，进而可以更准确的描述各笔贷款的风险暴露数。二是在确定风险暴露数分布时，用Γ分布替代了传统的正态分布，解决了贷款违约的风险暴露数分布的厚尾问题，进而解决了大宗贷款违约的风险度量问题。三是确定违约频率时，用负二项分布来代替传统的泊松分布，解决了违约频率的方差通常要大于其均值的分布拟合问题。

In the first part of this paper, we concentrate on the categories and character of operational risk, discuss the important affect on financial institution. The present situation of operational risk management in Chinese financial institution is also briefly introduced. In the second part of this paper, the strategy, organization structure and management process of operational risk management is discussed, and some main methodology and system of the internal control of operational risk management in international financial institution are listed here.

本文第一部分简要地介绍了操作风险的分类和基本特征，并分析了操作风险对金融机构的重要影响和我国金融机构操作风险管理现状；第二部分着重讨论操作风险管理的战略，操作风险管理的组织结构、管理流程，以及操作风险管理的内部控制过程，并列举了一些国际上通常的内部控制手段和制度。

At present, foreign banks have already set up relatively perfect mechanism of ERM, which includes risk management strategy, risk administrative system, the measurement, report and control of risk, operation of risk management and information system of risk management.

目前，国外银行业已经建立起了比较完善的银行全面风险管理机制，由风险管理战略、风险管理组织结构、风险的衡量报告和控制、风险管理操作和风险管理信息系统等要素构成。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。