风险

First, we discuss several theories of risk measures respectively such as theories ofcoherent measures of risk, spectral measures of risk and distortion measures of risk.Within the framework of these theories, we discuss and compare standard deviation,mean absolute deviation, lower partial moment, Ginis difference, VaR, CVaR and soon. We conclude that CVaR is superior to other measures with respect to theoreticalproperties.

首先，本文分别讨论了一致风险测度理论、谱风险测度理论、失真风险测度理论和随机占优一致风险测度理论等风险度量评价理论，在这些理论框架内讨论和比较了标准差、平均绝对离差、下偏位矩、基尼均差、VaR以及CVaR等风险度量。

In this paper, the capital risk management of international construction by means of risk analysis is described. First, the traditional theories of capital risk analysis are discussed in detail. Then, possible capital risks in international construction contracting are analyzed and assessed systematically.Third,a series of mathematical models of assessing capital risks are established after analyzing the cash flow of the project. Based on the analysis mentioned above, computer simulation programs are developed.

将风险分析技术用于国际工程资金管理领域，在总结以往的风险分析理论的基础上，通过对国际工程承包资金风险的辨识、估计和评价，结合对工程现金流分析，系统分析了国际工程承包中可能遇到的风险，建立了一组资金风险评价的数学模型，并结合计算机模拟技术，编制了风险模拟计算程序。

All in all, My dissertation mainly focuses on phenomena existing in Chinese venture capital investment market with double principle-agent theory. According to actual conditions, we think that shareholders who are full of wishes to supervise the daily management of the venture capital should be nurtured. Another, the evaluation system with government as cautioner, the incentive and restrictive mechanism implemented and anonymous assess as trait in the beginning of process should be improved uninterrupted. Last but not least, in the choosing of exit ways of the venture capital, the MBO method is one that couldn't be ignored.

并在探究两层委托代理互动关系的基础上，针对我国风险投资市场委托代理中的主体缺位、政策滞后等问题，提出要明确风险投资领域宏观与微观环境建设的政府责任与企业责任：在风险资本市场，要大力宣传和鼓励以民营资本为代表的积极股东的参与；在风险投资项目评估中，应当不断完善以政府担保为主体的、贯彻激励约束机制的、以专家匿名评审为特点的项目评估体系；在风险资本退出模式中，我们强调要更加重视MBO方式对风险投资事业的积极作用。

As fixed-income securities, MBS have default risk, interest risk, liquidity risk and reinvestment risk. On the other hand, MBS have their own riskaprepayment risk.

作为一种固定收益证券，住房抵押贷款债券也具有违约风险、利率风险、流动性风险和再投资风险；而住房抵押贷款债券还有其特有的风险——提前偿付风险。

First of all, Shanghai Stock Market s risk constitution, and the ratio of the systematic risk and the non-systematic risk were introduced, some suggestion of risk management were also put forward .Secondly, the risk and the income relations were analyzed. Thirdly, using thirty (30) samples stocks of Shanghai Thirty (30) Indexes as the combination, the investment portfolio scale and the disperser risk degree, etc., were examined, the strategy of investment portfolio in Shanghai Stock Market was also put forward .

首先，分析了上海股市的风险构成，系统风险和非系统风险的比例，并根据上海股市的实际提出了风险管理的对策；其次，分析了风险与收益的关系；再次，以上海30指数的30只样本股为组合对投资组合的规模、分散风险的程度等作了研究，并提出上海股市投资组合的策略。

Value at Risk was main tool of market risk management but traditional VaR did not appreciate liquidity risk to make that VaR did not give correct information and was disvalue VaR to lead a large number of damages.

在现如今的风险管理工具中，风险值是应用最为广泛的一种，但在以往传统的风险值度量模型中，并不重视或是基本不考虑流动性不足问题所带来的风险，这使得风险值无法提供给投资者完全、真实、可靠的信息，更严重的问题是错估风险值会造成更大的损失。

The paper reviews the literatures on double moral hazard,and in order to overcome the problem that simple contractual instrument can not solve the double moral hazard in venture capital,ponders that combining convertible securities with the dyn...

文章回顾了关于风险投资中双边道德风险的研究，为了克服单纯契约工具都不能完全解决风险投资中双边道德风险的问题，指出将可转换证券和控制权相机安排结合起来，可以为双方提供激励，解决风险投资中的双边道德风险问题。

The first step, reduce the fictitious economy systematic risk of our country, analyze and prove from three respects concretely that the basic relation of fictitious economy and real economy, the system of fictitious economy, market mechanism: The main argument of basic relation of fictitious economy and real economy have:(1) Structural adjustment and optimization of real economy (2) Pay close attention to the balance of fictitious assets and physical assets of macro econo

虚拟经济体系方面的主要论点有：（1）完善虚拟经济体系的管理体制：建立健全虚拟经济法律法规体系，实现"依法治业"；建立健全虚拟经济监管职能体系；增强虚拟经济运行信息的透明度；（2）提高虚拟经济体系中虚拟资产的风险管理水平。市场因素方面来说，主要是：（1）实行灵活的汇率政策；（2）加强资本流动管理；（3）积极推进虚拟经济监管国际合作第二步，建立我国虚拟经济系统风险化解机制。在采取有效措施降低我国虚拟经济系统风险的基础上，还需要警惕来自市场方面虚拟经济风险冲击。我以为，对此有以下三种化解办法：（1）市场机制的基础调节；（2）法律和政策约束；（3）强行临时管制。论文创新点：建立了一个我国虚拟经济系统风险预警度量模型，并运用这个模型对我国虚拟经济风险的现状进行了评估。

According to the said analysis and recent situation, it finally try to set up a risk management system in the general investment bank department in Southern Security Company, which is appropriate for the present financial environment in our country. In the design of independent matrix risk management system which makes risk supervision obtain comprehensive, controllable results, which puts risk under tight network system control, and which makes risk supervisors keep up with risk endurers from beginning to end, I describes the job content and duty in every position, investigate the operating way of the whole risk management system, make the duties of the full-time risk management perfect, and whole system.

根据上述分析，针对现有情况的问题，最后尝试为南方证券投资银行总部建立适合我国现有金融环境的风险管理体系，将投资银行的风险管理体系设计为独立的矩阵式风险管理系统，它使风险监管达到横向到边、纵向到底的效果，使风险置于纵横交错的网络式控制体系之下，使风险监管者与风险承受者保持始终的联系，不至于脱节。

The risk of network finance is interrelates with technology closely. Besides the traditional risk such as credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk, network financial institutions also bear the peculiar risk i.e. operation risk, prestige risk and law risk.

网络金融风险与技术密切相关，网络金融机构除具有传统的信用风险、流动性风险及市场风险外，还要承担其特有的操作风险、信誉风险和法律风险。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。