风险

This paper respectively researched the appraisal methods of quantified reserve for bad debts and capital at risk for credit risk, market risk and operating risk after determining a confidence level.

本文分别研究了确定一定的置信水平α后，对信用风险、市场风险和操作风险的量化和损失准备金、风险资本的估计方法。

Risk management was risible, with risk limits raised whenever they were breached and dodgy investments excluded from stress tests.

风险管理对于雷曼来说是可笑的，因为随着风险承受上限不断被违反以及风险资产被排除在压力测试之外，雷曼的风险承受上限不断上升。

International project contracts risk early warning system contained 3 module, spot the way to deal with a situation of avoid of danger of zephyr of early-warning of analysis, risk for the risk respectively.

国际工程承包风险预警系统包含了3个模块，分别为风险识别分析、风险预警和风险规避对策。

Finally, we apply the factor analysis of the interest rate risk factors that change the yield curve of bond. Based on the comparison of the static models and stochastic models, we bring forward a dynamic stochastic risk management model of interest rate. In addition to this, we conduct an empirical examination of the management of risk immunized bond portfolios.

最后，本文运用因素分析法对影响债券市场收益率曲线的利率风险因素进行了分析，然后在比较利率风险管理静态模型和随机模型的基础上提出了一个动态随机利率风险管理模型，并且针对债券市场利率风险免疫的债券组合管理进行了应用研究。

After the formalization of the RMA problems, methods for normalizing the original stochastic decision matrix are proposed. For discrete RMA problems, the concepts of C-type solution and S-type solution are defined, and the inclusion relations between different sets of solution in the same type and between different sets of solution in different types are concluded. For continuous RMA problems, the decision analysis based on Dα-dominance relation is illustrated.

在对风险型多属性决策问题进行形式化描述之后，按照离散和连续两种情况，分别给出了风险型多属性决策属性数据的预处理方法；对离散风险型多属性决策问题，定义了C-类解和S-类解，并给出了各类解集之间的包含关系；对连续风险型多属性决策问题，给出了基于Dα优势关系的分析方法。

This paper also applies game theory to set up game models for ante-accommodation and post-accommodation. In the information model for ante-accommodation, commercial banks expect the occurrence of separate game equivalence not the pooled game equivalence, for in pooled game equivalence, commercial banks may easily choose adverse selection to provide loans because of asymmetric information, while in the supervision model for post-accommodation, banks and enterprises hardly make pure strategic equivalence, that is, they can not achieve Pareto optimum in the same time, meanwhile, when the supervision model for post-accommodation achieve pooled strategic equivalence, we will make use of probabilities of enterprises not keeping their promises and probabilities of bank supervision as indexes for describing qualitatively the credit risk for enterprises and the credit risk for bank supervision.

首先，论文对信贷活动中信息不对称所产生的逆向选择与道德风险及由此产生的信贷风险进行了一般理论分析，并提出了防范逆向选择和道德风险的一般模型；其次，论文结合我国信贷市场预算约束软化这一根本特征，研究了我国信贷活动中由信息不对称而产生的信贷风险形成机理的特殊性进行了分析；接着，运用博弈论方法对我国信贷市场中商业银行与企业在申请贷款、偿还贷款时的博弈行为进行了深入分析；最后，文章提出了消除信贷市场信息不对称的对策和建议。

Since VaR method is absent of general subadditivity and description to tail information, a new risk measure framework is proposed in recent years, it is coherent risk measure.

由于VaR不具有普遍的次可加性和缺乏对尾部信息的描述，近几年来，学术界提出了新的风险度量框架——一致性风险度量，并在这种框架下，发展了多种风险度量技术，谱风险测度便是其中之一。

This paper mostly use normative method to study professional judgment, including basic theory of auditing professional judgment, professional judgment"s new characteristic and significance which based on the modern risk-based audit, the new auditing mode"s further request to professional judgment.

本文主要采用规范研究的方法，对注册会计师职业判断风险相关的含义及形成机制、职业判断风险的构成要素进行具体分析。最后在分析具体风险要素现状的基础上提出了如何防范或降低注册会计师职业判断风险的措施。

The ninth chapter contains the author's general study based on micro-level credit management. On the basis of summarizing the theories and methods for each procedure of credit risk control, referring to the recent total risk management concept in western countries, and with his years' of work experience, the author puts forward the theory of TRC that is based on micro-level credit management and the principles for the building of TRC.

第九章在总结微观信贷风险控制过程各流程环节的理论和方法研究的基础上，借鉴西方国家近几年才提出的全面风险管理思想，结合作者多年实践工作的体会，提出了基于微观信贷管理的全面风险控制的理论构想，TRC是对信贷风险控制所涉及的人员、过程和信贷品种三位一体（3P's）的全面的、系统的、动态的管理思路，并提出了构建TRC体系的原则框架。

To construct the social medical moral risk uncomplimentary information KMRW game model based on the happening reasons of the moral risk of social medical insurance , Some advice about how to control the moral risk efficiently gives at last to improve the security of social medical insurance fund .

通过对社会医疗保险道德风险产生原因与特征的探讨，根据不完全信息重复博弈模型对社会医疗保险道德风险进行了系统分析，据此提出了社会医疗保险道德风险的防控措施，以期实现对道德风险的有效防控，提高社会医疗保险基金的安全。

Finally, according to market conditions and market products this article paper analyzes the trends in the development of camera technology, and designs a color night vision camera.

最后根据市场情况和市面上产品的情况分析了摄像机技术的发展趋势，并设计了一款彩色夜视摄像机。

Only person height weeds and the fierce looks stone idles were there.

只有半人深的荒草和龇牙咧嘴的神像。