颗粒分析

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

In order to analyze the influence of filled metal particles on impact force for hydraulic pile hammer, analytical solution of mathematic model for pile hammer filled with metal particles considering effects of metal particles was presented. In the solution, lumped mass were used as metal particles, a spring was used as contact stiffness between metal particles and hammer body, different variable lumped masses were used as pile hammer, the ram and anvil, a spring and a dashpot were used as the anvil cushion and pile respectively.

为分析填充金属颗粒对打桩锤锤击力的影响，考虑填充金属颗粒的作用，用集中质量块表示填充的金属颗粒，用弹簧模拟金属颗粒与锤体相碰处的接触刚度，用不同的集中质量块表示桩锤、砧座和桩帽，用并联的弹簧、阻尼器表示锤垫，用弹簧表示桩垫，用阻尼器表示桩，建立了平衡方程。

This paper studies the main geometrical parameter such as angle, height, width, stagger and the upper width in dentation and trapezoid flow path, firstly, uses the single-phase numerical simulation of the computational fluid dynamics technique to analyse the influence of different geometrical parameter on discharge coefficient and flow state exponent of drip emitter. Secondly, uses the two-phases numerical simulation of CFD (1% sand content ) to analyse the influence of the above mentioned geometrical parameter on the contribution regulation of sand and anti-clogging performance. Thirdly, uses the PIV （ particle Tracking Velocimetry ） technique which can see the small-scale flow path to observe and test the trajectories and velocities of solid particles in labyrinth flow path, and analyses the basic factors which can influence the movement characteristic of solid particles and the flow state in flow path.

本文以齿形流道、梯形流道为主要研究对象，以流道转角、流道高，流道宽、偏差量及梯形流道上底宽为主要结构参数，首先应用 CFD 单相流数值模拟技术对不同结构参数灌水器流道水力性能进行模拟，分析了不同结构参数对流态指数和流量系数的影响，其次，应用 CFD 两相流（含沙量为1%）数值模拟技术分析了结构参数对含沙量分布规律和抗堵塞性能的影响，然后，应用 PIV 可视化测试方法测试了固体颗粒在流道内运行轨迹及速度，分析了影响固体颗粒运动特性及流道内流体流态的基本因素，最后，对上述流道结构形式通过模具加工及滴灌带试制，进行了标准化测试（ GB/T 17187-1997 农业灌溉设备滴头技术规范和试验方法与 ISO 标准 ISO /TC23 /SC18 /WG5N4短周期堵塞测试程序），测试结果验证了 CFD 模拟结果，并提出了迷宫结构流道灌水器的抗堵塞设计方法。

Differential coefficient and difference simulation equation of gray model GM (1, 2), representing the relationship between 28d compressive strength and 4-32μ m particle content respectively is

颗粒粒级范围对强度的灰色系统关联度分析结果表明：对于普通硅酸盐水泥，4-8μm颗粒含量对水泥3d抗压强度的影响最大，8-16μm颗粒含量对水泥28d抗压强度的影响最大，对水泥90d抗压强度，则16-24μm颗粒的影响最大。28d抗压强度与4-32μm颗粒含量灰色模型GM（1，2）的微分方程和差分模拟式分别为

According to the interaction between the cutting grains and the liquid medium, integrating the theoretic analysis with experiments, and referencing the experimental formula, the sedimentation law of cutting grains in the dynamic solid/liquid separator by compressing and filtering is discussed. The theoretical exploration and research are conducted on the grain-forcing situation, axial sedimentation, sedimentation in the centrifugal force field etc., and the final sedimentation velocity of the cutting grains is obtained in the separator.

文章从岩屑颗粒与液相介质之间的相互作用入手，采用理论分析和试验研究相结合的方法，参照经验公式，讨论了固液动态压滤分离机中岩屑颗粒的沉降规律，对动压机内颗粒的受力情况、轴向沉降、离心力场沉降等问题进行了理论探讨和研究，得出了岩屑颗粒离心沉降末速度。

Experimental investigations on pulsant behaviors of particle flow were carried out on a two-dimensional spouted bed using PIV .

本文基于 PIV 处理颗粒流动图像获得了颗粒流动的瞬时速度；基于功率谱密度分布对瞬时速度的分析结果表明，喷射区轴线的中下部颗粒存在较强的速度脉动，环隙区颗粒速度脉动较弱；研究发现喷动周期与床体压力脉动周期基本一致。

The pyrogenation relationship equation among staying time, temperature and the rate of volatile is acquired.

数值分析固态医疗垃圾在SMW-CFBC燃烧时，首次采用关联矩模型和PDF模型相结合的模型来确定存在组分浓度脉动、温度和反应度脉动情况下紊流燃烧速率，同时，考虑垃圾颗粒的挥发析出反应所引起的变质量对流体或气相中湍流的作用，颗粒变质量过程对气相中湍流反应的影响；有反应的颗粒相自身的影响问题；湍流对颗粒反应的影响。

In chapter 2, we focus on derivation of the tortuosity models for flow of Newtonian incompressible fluid in two- and three-dimensional porous media with spherical, cubic and plate-like particles by applying the geometrical method. We first present the ideal geometrical models of porous media to show the ideal and representative streamlines based on the assumption that some particles in porous media are unrestrictedly overlapped and hence of different configurations, then the average tortuosity is derived by geometrically and weightedly averaging these representative flow paths.

第二部分采用几何分析法研究了二维和三维情况下的球形颗粒、立方体颗粒和板状颗粒多孔介质中流体流线的迂曲度，首先给出多孔介质的理想几何模型，通过分别考虑固体颗粒重叠时、不重叠时以及粒子的不同排列等情形时的流体流线，然后对这些理想代表性流线的迂曲度取几何平均和加权平均，最后推导出流体流过多孔介质的迂曲度解析表达式。

Numerical simulations by assemblies of circular panicles can qualitatively reflect the general characteristics of liquefaction behavior of sand. The interval effect of aspect ratio of elliptical panicle on the mechanical behavior of numerical sample is obtained, and the reason is related to the initial average co-ordination number. The regularity of evolution of fabric in the process of sand liquefaction under cyclic loading can be qualitatively achieved by using the numerical sample randomly mixed of panicles with different shapes. Numerical simulations can not only demonstrate the macro phenomenon of particle breakage, mostly importantly, it can also expose the evolution of particle breakage microscopically, and would contribute to further research of the micromechanics of particle breakage.

研究结果表明：Hertz-Mindlin非线性接触模型适用于变围压条件下砂土力学性质模拟；纯圆颗粒模拟能够定性地反映饱和砂土振动液化的一般规律；颗粒长短比变化对砂土力学性质的影响具有区间效应，其原因与粒间初始平均接触数有关；不同形状随机混合试样能够从定性规律上反映振动液化过程中砂土的细观组构演化规律；数值模拟不仅可得到颗粒破碎宏观响应，而且可以分析内部接触力变化和实现对粘结破裂位置的追踪，从而可进一步研究颗粒破碎细观力学机制。

By abration experiment, the impact action between pin and particle is studied, and the impact position is revealed according to abrated position and abrated degree in a pin, by which the structure design of GLS pin mill is suggested based on this analysis.

采用颗粒与销棒相互冲击碰撞的磨蚀实验，根据销棒的磨蚀位置及磨蚀程度，分析了颗粒在粉碎过程中与销棒碰撞的部位，研究了颗粒与销棒相互作用的规律，揭示了颗粒在销棒粉碎机中的粉碎机理，由此提出了销棒粉碎机结构设计的改进措施。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。