顶向

With the use of a robust error mapping function, an affine model-based target tracking algorithm is formulated, in which a quasi-Newton's iterative method is implemented in the optimization progress.

算法中使用的"由粗至精"计算策略以图像金字塔数据结构为基础，采用自顶向下的计算顺序，并在每层金字塔上结合对鲁棒性误差映射函数中控制参数所做的逐步降级处理，实现了逐步求精的计算目的。

This design method contributes greatly to the top-down design principle, design efficiency and automaticity.

这种设计理论易于实现自顶向下的原则，可显著提高交互设计效率，有利于向自动化过渡。

So far, we have considered two top-down and two bottom-up approaches.

到目前为止，我们已经考虑了两种自顶向下和两种自底向上的方法。

The first, second and the third capillary tube –groups are of this kind.

如果从洞顶向下生长呈细玻璃管状的碳酸钙沉积物，空心，透明或半透明称鹅管。

Treated as a synchronous datapath, the 4 phase bundled-data pipeline can be compiled top-down and with timing constraints. The full-custom C-elements are used in it and regarded as combinatorial gates during timing analysis. Circuit synthesized using this methodology will be better.

通过将4相位捆绑数据寄存器流水线数据通道等效为一个同步流水线，可以自顶向下地进行有时序约束的综合，采用全定制C单元，并把其当作组合逻辑门进行分析，综合出的电路更加优化。

The system specification, compartmentalization and design of sub modules, logic synthesis, placing and routing, functional simulation, etc. are described in detail in this thesis.

全文采用自顶向下的设计方法，对设计要求、系统设计、子模块的划分与设计、逻辑综合、布局布线以及功能仿真等内容进行了详细阐述。

All the conspicuity maps will be integrated into a single conspicuity map which will be used to extract interesting map by nonlinear relaxation algorithm. The top-down attention mechanism uses the knowledge of visual task and object.

知识驱动的自顶向下注意机制基于自底向上兴趣图和待注意物体的知识，通过模式匹配生成描述待注意物体可能存在的位置的自顶向下兴趣图。

The main characteristics include: the quiet Sun corona has a rapid response to the flare heating, within 2 second the corona temperature increases nearly one order of magnitude, but later such increase becomes very slowly; the downward velocity at early stage of impulsive phase is too small to be negnected; chromospheric evaporation made by conduction shows some intensely, the maximum evaporated velocity may be as large as 1000 km/s; the chromospheric condensation appears just when the chromospheric evaporation takes place and its place always coincide with that of transition region in the early stage; the maximum of chromospheric condensation occurs also in the early stage of impulsive phase, at which the density in condensation may be larger two order of magnitude than that of surround and the downward velocity may be as large as 100 km/s; after the maximum of chromospheric condensation, its strongth decreases gradually but its width becomes greater with time and have a tendency to transport into deep chromosphere; the front of chromospheric condensation heats atmosphere obviously and the temperature in the chromospheric condensation is higher than the original case; the downware velocity of transition region may be greater than 100 km/s at the early stage; when the evaporated material collide at the top of loop, the densityand the presure there increase rapidly, which result in the formation of a shock wave; and so on.

在改善色球辐射损失和精确分辨过渡区的基础上，通过联立求解连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程，构造了一维磁限制性耀斑环在热沉积作用下的大气动力学模型，获得了耀斑热模型下脉冲相早期较为细致的大气演化理论图象，其主要特征是：耀斑对宁静日冕的加热相当迅速，仅2秒钟日冕温度增加即达一个量级，之后日冕温度增加缓慢；脉冲相早期日冕向下速度很小，几乎可以忽略，热传导驱动色球蒸发，其过程较为激烈，蒸发极大速度可达到1000km/s；色球压缩区与色球蒸发几乎同时形成，且在早期其位置总是与过渡区位置重合；色球压缩极大发生在脉冲相早期，其时密度可高于周围约2个量级，向下速度可超过100km/s；色球压缩极大后，其强度逐渐减弱，但宽度明显增大，且渐渐脱离过渡区往色球传播；压缩区内物质温度要高于原先的大气温度；过渡区下降在脉冲相早期相当迅速，可超过100km/s；当蒸发物质在环顶高速相碰时，环顶的密度、压力迅速增大，且温度也有所增加，导致形成激波，其波面以每秒上百公里的速度自环顶向下传播；在脉冲相前期，日冕软x辐射对色球的加热作用可以忽略；等。

On the basis of parameterization technology based on feature and assembly modeling technology based on Top Basic Skelton, a Top-down modeling method which combines skeleton model with dominant parts is put forward, and accomplished a product design with it.

本文研究了支持自顶向下设计的产品功能建模与装配模型，在基于特征的参数化技术以及基于顶层基本骨架的建模技术基础上，提出了骨架模型与主导零件相结合的自顶向下建模方法，完成了具体的产品设计。

Based on the characteristics of parameterized design and key technologies of knowledge based engineering, and specially according to the characteristics of the construction, figure, assembly-parameter of bicycle frame design, the article has achieved repeated using of experiential parameter and knowledge by adopting methods such as automatic reading experiential datasheet, computing parameter by making use of program, manual data-input or modifying and so on. Based on analyzing the characteristics of Rear End design and the associated characteristics with Chain Stay and Seat Stay, different design methods are analyzed in detail, and rapidly assembling of Rear End, Chain Stay and Seat Stay is achieved by using the method of combining top-down-assembly with down-top-assembly method. Based on analyzing special technologies and UDF characteristics, the repeated using of different sectional shapes by using UDF technology on the tube section design is also achieved, and this will greatly shorten the time spent on fixing the dimensions and orientations on sketches.

在探讨了参数化设计技术特点和知识工程关键技术的基础上，针对自行车车架设计中的结构、形状、装配参数特点，分别采用了读入经验数据表、参数程序求解、手工录入或修改方法实现车架设计经验参数和知识的重复利用；在分析自行车后叉片设计特点及与平、立叉的关联特性的基础上，对不同的设计方案进行了详细分析，并采用自顶向下和自底向上相结合的方法，实现了后叉片的快速装配定位与平、立叉设计相关联；在分析了特征技术和UDF特点的基础上，将UDF用于管件截面的设计上，使各种截面形状能不断重复利用，大大节省了约束草图尺寸和位置的时间。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。