音节

On the one hand, the learners were more likely to mark more salient past forms, supporting the Principle of Saliency: Specifically, irregular past was more accurately marked than regular past; suppletives were more accurately marked than other irregular past variants; and the regular non-syllabics were more accurately marked than the regular syllabics.

具体表现为不规则动词的标记准确率高于规则动词、异干互补词形的标记准确率高于其它不规则动词词形、规则动词非音节变化形式的标记准确率高于音节变化形式。

The brain must understand the tiny short one-letter difference between pets and pests, and then also understand the longer tones of the syllables .

大脑必须理解&pets&和&pests&之间极其细微的一字之差，同时可以明白音节的较长语调（音节普遍的是关于一秒的四分之一

Based on or using the five tones and two semitones of the major or minor scales of Western music.

西方音乐中大音节、小音节是基于或使用五个音阶或两个半音。

The song complexity patterns of the white-rumped snow finch may belong to the "unstable changing in sequence of polysyllable" pattern with typical "serial song" from immediate variety of syllables.

依据雷富民等（2003）对鸟类鸣唱多样性和复杂性的评述，白腰雪雀鸣唱的结构模式符合&多音节序列不稳定变化型&，其鸣唱曲目中音节的转换形式为&序列鸣唱&。

Iε/(21)/tiε/"elder sister" has neutral tone on the second syllable and the underlying third tone on the first syllable does not change to the second tone(35)which indicates that the tone is not copied along with the segments.

以亲属名词为例：&姐姐&这个重叠词的第二个音节的声调是轻声，而且第一个音节它的底层是三声但是重叠后并没有变成二声。

Tangxi dialect trisyllabic phonological tone change rules are: On the first syllable, IA [24], IB [11] and IIIA [52] all change to [33], IIIB [341], IIB and IVB [113] all change to [11], and IIA [535] and IVA [55] all change to [52], the same as mainstream initial syllable tone change in disyllabic sandhi.

汤溪方言三字组语音变调的规律为：第一个音节，阴平[24]、阳平[11]、阴去［52〕一律变［33，阳去［341、阳上〔113、阳入［113］一律变[11]，阴上【535、阴入【55」一律变〔52，跟两字组前字的主流变调相同；第二、三两个音节，基本上跟两字组的连调模式相同。

But each different language has its own sound change pattern. The tone is changed in most languages.

分布最广的是ABB式的叠音后缀，15种语言有此形式；其次是AB式单音节后缀和ACD式等双音节后缀，分别在9种和10种语言中存在。

A certain group of verbs stress the second syllable while their corresponding noun forms are stressed on the first syllable.

有些单词的动词形式的重音在第二个音节，而名词形式的重音则在第一个音节。

Semantic tone change, which uses tone change to achieve a particular semantic goal, such as the diminutive tone change that is widespread in Southern Wuyu. This kind of tone change sometimes also appears in single-syllable words, but originally is never the result of a multisyllable phrase's tone change going one step further ????

语义变调，这是指利用声调的变化来达到特定的语义目的，如南部吴语里普遍存在的&小称变调&，这种变调有时也出现在单音节词里，但从来源上讲也是多音节字组变调进一步发展的结果。

Fourteen parts of grammar were described, including the measure words, the location component, pronouns, helping words, adverb, verb auxiliaries, comparative sentence, giving sentence, dispositional sentence, passive sentence, negative sentence and question sentence.

在清末粤方言语法材料的基础上考察历时演变，共出现29个变化点，主要包括：（1）量词&样&、&回&和&个&使用减少；（2）&度&由量词发展为处所词后附成分；（3）清末疑问代词&边&和&乜&竞争，今天&乜&的用法被削弱；（4）&V得&的用法扩大，改变&可以&和&能&的地位，助动词&识&的用法增加；（5）副词&啱&意义扩大，一些双音节副词出现语素更替；（6）动词后补成分&高&被&上&取代，&起嚟&和&去归&消失；（7）表示完成的动态后助成分&哓&完全消失，由&唨&取代，&V下&之外出现动词重叠表短时、随意的用法；（8）句末助词&呢&的读音、&咋&表达的事态或者语气的意义稍有变化；（9）给予句&俾+N〓+过+N〓&是清末的主流形式，今天以双宾语形式&俾／V+N〓+N〓&为主，&过&消失；（10）出现像普通话的&比&字句；（11）清末文献里可以引出处置对象的&戒&不再使用；（12）&俾&发展为一个比较成熟的被动句标记，&被&的使用消失；（13）单音节形式的否定词增加；（14）正反疑问句发生根本性的变化，宾语和补语等补足成分转而出现在否定形式之后，选择疑问句连接选择项的&嚊&或&口被&消失。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。