面

The results show that the shape of meniscus is non-homogeneous because of the structure of the rectangular mold, and the height of meniscus will enlarge as increasing the power, and at the same time the meniscus fluctuate aggregately. The coil should be placed near the top of the mold and the initial free surface level should be placed in the middle of the coil in practice.

结果表明：由于矩形电磁软接触结晶器本身的结构限制，其弯月面沿周向上的分布具有不均匀性；随电源功率增大，弯月面高度增大，同时波动加剧；实际生产中线圈应尽量靠近结晶器口部位置安装，有利于提高弯月面高度和增强弯月面稳定性；浇注过程中，应该使浇注液面尽可能的控制在线圈中心偏上位置；当电源频率增大时，应该同时适当的提高电流来保证软接触效果。

The foundation of arch dam usually is layer rock base, and the depths of the layer are small, it is common that several layer rock base contact with one layer element grid. According to the geometry relation and the property of shape function, a new element kind that includes 24 nodes has been proposed to dissect the dam and foundation effectively, whose shape function are independent. In fact the element can be looked as a hexahedron divided into five small hexahedrons. It can be simulate all kind of the condition of the base and the dam.

拱坝的地基一般是层状岩石地基，有的层厚度很小，这样就有多个岩层和坝体某层单元接触，本文根据岩基与坝体接触的几何关系，利用形函数的性质，提出24节点六面体层单元，这种单元实际上是将一个厚的六面体单元分成5个更薄的六面体单元而形成的，其形函数采用可以拆分的形式表达，因此可以方便地解决坝体单元的一、二、三、四个面与错动带接触的情况，可以模拟一、二、三、四个棱边与错动带接触的情况，还可以退化为12节点的四边形面单元，以及五面体层单元。

Based on the relevant movement between hard shaper cutter and grinding wheel, the movements of grinding wheel are studied. The shaping grinding point and the shaping grinding edge are made up with. In order to easily compare when shaping errors and cutting edge"s angles are the most excellent, uniform expressions for convex curved rake face of hard shaping cutter and spatial cutting edge curve are separately developed. The distributions of new profiling cutter"s shaping errors and cutting edges angles are analyzed. The relevant grinding wheel and cam are designed. Due to this paper, a new profiling hard shaping cutter has been manufactured successfully. At last experiments are made to test the performance of hard shaping cutter and all kinds of precision of hard gear.

本文直接从插齿刀与砂轮之间的相对运动关系出发，单独研究砂轮的运动，提出砂轮成形磨削点和砂轮成形磨削刃的概念；分别建立圆柱砂轮和圆锥砂轮磨削后硬齿面插齿刀的波形前刀面方程及空间切削刃方程；为便于比较何种情况下插齿刀的构形误差和切削角度能同时达到最优，分别对磨削五种不同硬齿面插齿刀所用的砂轮进行了廓形设计，并分析了插齿刀的构形误差和侧切削刃切削角度的分布规律；为插齿刀波形前刀面的磨削加工设计了相应的凸轮，用所设计的凸轮和近似的砂轮成功地制造出新构形法硬齿面插齿刀；最后进行插齿加工试验，检验新构形法硬齿面插齿刀的抗崩刃能力、耐磨性及被加工硬齿面齿轮的各项精度。

Fangzheng fine gravure printing dot option provides a variety of mesh point structures, such as coin-shaped gravure printing dot, dot honeycomb-shaped gravure gravure printing, t-dot and other detectors）submitted.

耿介粗忽瘪印网不面选件供应了多栽网不面布局，如货币不神瘪印网不面、蜂窝不神瘪印网不面、T型瘪印网不面等多栽不面型。

Again, I maintain that we should use the flexural-tensile strain and the vertical shearing stress of the bottom of cover of the joint as the target for the design of the cover structure of asphalt on the old cement concrete. In addition, on the basis of much theoretical analysis, I preliminarily put forward to a designing methods to anchor the old cement concrete road by using dog irons made of iron bars and then covering it using asphalt concrete structure. Finally, through selecting the plan of the cover of the road to be experimented, and making a detailed introduction to the techniques of construction according to the result of theoretical analysis, I know that after anchoring the slabs close to each other with dog irons made of iron, and then cover them using asphalt cement concrete has an obvious effect on preventing and slowing down the reflection cracks in the bituminous concrete skin coat over the old road.

在大量分析的基础上提出了马钉锚固罩面结构中相邻两块水泥混凝土板接缝处的相对水平位移、相对垂直位移、接缝处沥青层底部的弯拉应变和剪应变的计算公式；再次，提出了采用接缝处罩面层底部的弯拉应变、垂直剪应变作为旧水泥混凝土路面上沥青混凝土罩面结构的设计指标，并在大量理论分析的基础上，初步提出了马钉锚固旧水泥混凝土板后沥青混凝土罩面结构的设计方法；最后，根据理论分析的结果，选定试验路的罩面方案，并对其施工工艺进行了详细的介绍，表明采用钢筋马钉锚固相邻混凝土板后，再进行沥青混凝土罩面的方法在防止或减缓罩面层反射裂缝方面具有明显的效果。

Using the methods and software of this thesis some flow regulations, design principles and criteria are developed to give more accurate and credible aerodynamic coefficients of ailerons.

模拟了舵面在不同缝隙、不同舵面偏角及来流迎角下的复杂流动问题；结合对舵面气动特性的风洞试验结果的分析，归纳总结出舵面铰链力矩随缝隙、舵面偏角、来流迎角、马赫数的变化规律，探讨了如何将数值计算与风洞试验相结合为飞机设计提供准确、可信的舵面气动特性参数的方法。

A systematic analysis of the icosahedral hierarchic structure in the 3D icosahedral quasicrystal and its approximants have been made. There is an icosahedron at the center surrounded by 12 icosahedra. If two neighboring icosahedra are vertex-sharing, the multi-shell Mackay cluster consisting of 127 atoms will form. If two neighboring icosahedra penetrate into each other, the multi-shell Samson-Bergman-Pauling cluster consisting of 137 atoms will form.

系统地分析了三维二十面体准晶的近似晶体相中具有二十面体对称的等级结构，中心1个二十面体，周边12个二十面体，如两个相邻二十面体共顶点连接，得出的是由127个原子构成的Mackay球形原子簇；如两个二十面体互相穿插，得出的是由137个原子构成的Samson-Bergman-Pauling球形原子簇。

Firstly, the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement by oscillation heat surface is discussed in natural convection scene. For different oscillation amplitude and Rayleigh number, the frequency that the heat transfer rate of oscillation heat surface is higher than non-oscillation condition is found and called critical oscillation frequency. The limitation enhancement of similar physical model is still researched by this study in mixed and forced convection scenes for different amplitude and Grashof number. Generally, that a heat surface subject to a oscillation motion is advantageous to convective heat transfer is a well-known tuition.

首先探讨在垂直管道内振动高温面於自然对流领域内提升高温面热传效率的机制，并且针对不同的振幅与雷利数求得加入振动条件后，高温面散热效果可以优於稳态非振动高温面散热效果的临界振动频率；进而探讨当垂直管道流进入混合对流与强制对流范围时，在不同的振幅与葛瑞秀夫数下，亦可发现加入振动条件后，振动高温面之散热效果可以优於稳态非振动高温面散热效果的临界振动频率。

Firstly, the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement by oscillation heat surface is discussed in natural convection scene. For different oscillation amplitude and Rayleigh number, the frequency that the heat transfer rate of oscillation heat surface is higher than non-oscillation condition is found and called critical oscillation frequency. The limitation enhancement of similar physical model is still researched by this study in mixed and forced convection scenes for different amplitude and Grashof number.

首先探讨在垂直管道内振动高温面於自然对流领域内提升高温面热传效率的机制，并且针对不同的振幅与雷利数求得加入振动条件后，高温面散热效果可以优於稳态非振动高温面散热效果的临界振动频率；进而探讨当垂直管道流进入混合对流与强制对流范围时，在不同的振幅与葛瑞秀夫数下，亦可发现加入振动条件后，振动高温面之散热效果可以优於稳态非振动高温面散热效果的临界振动频率。

The strike of Huanghai block and Huaihai block in the east mainly tends towards north-east, while the strike of Shanxi block and the eastern edge of Ordos block in the west mainly tends towards north-west.(3) According to the feature of Moho, the crust of the research zone can be divided into six parts in the Shanxi block, Moho looks like a nearly north-south sunk belt, and the crust is thick; at the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia block and in the south of Yanshan block, Moho presents the structural features of fold belt, tending nearly towards east-west; at the eastern edge of Ordos block, the structure of Moho is relatively complex with nearly northwest folds.

3根据莫霍面的形态特征，研究区地壳可大致划分为6个区块；在山西地块范围内，莫霍面呈近南北向的凹陷带，地壳厚度大；内蒙古地块南缘和燕山地块南部，莫霍面表现出褶皱带的构造特征，其延展趋势为近东西方向；鄂尔多斯地块东缘，莫霍面构造相对复杂，呈近北西向凸、凹相伴的褶皱；黄淮海地块为莫霍面隆坳区，隆、坳相间排列，构造较复杂，但从整体上看，这是全区莫霍面最浅的隆起区段；鲁西台背斜主要为莫霍面断陷区，其断陷带沿枣庄－曲阜一线向北西方向延伸。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。