非细胞的

On the basis of two criteria of stomatal limitation of photosynthesis suggested by Farquhar and Sharkey,the re-dominant limiting factor of photosynthesis is stomatal conductance of stomatal limitation in the forenoon,but the midday depression of photosynthesis at noon and the decrease of photosynthesis in the afternoon are the results of low carboxylation efficiency of the mesophyll leaf.

根据Farquhar和Sharkey的观点，造成净光合速率下降的原因既有气孔限制又有非气孔限制因素，上午净光合速率下降的主要是由气孔限制因素造成的，午间和下午光合速率的降低则主要归因于叶肉细胞羧化效率的降低。

The occurrence and development of lung cancer was a complex multi-factorial multi-step biological process,and apoptosis imbalance was closely related to it.puma was a new member of the apoptosis-related genes that was initially identified in 2001,and was the downstream garget gene of p53,and through p53-dependent and non-dependent pathway to promote apoptosis.

肺癌的发生发展是一多因子、多步骤的复杂生物学过程，与凋亡失衡有着密切的关系。puma是2001年新发现的凋亡相关基因领域新成员之一，是p53的下游靶基因，可通过p53依赖和p53非依赖途径促进细胞凋亡，其介导的凋亡机制在肿瘤包括肺癌发展的多阶段中都起到重要的作用。

They are often morphologically distinct from A chromosomes, being smallerand more highly heterochromatic in most cases. B chromosomes do not pair with Achromosomes, and they are inherited in a non-Mendelian way, exhibiting meiotic andmitotic instability and nondisjunction. However, B chromosome DNA is quiteidentical to the corresponding sequence on the A chromosome complement. So far afew B chromosome specific DNA sequence have been identified. Specific DNAsequences on B chromosome have been the attractive research area on Bchromosomes.

现已在千余种植物和近三百种动物中被发现。B染色体与物种中正常染色体不同：独立于整倍体基因组之外，减数分裂时不与A染色体发生联会和配对，细胞分裂后期不分离，非孟德尔遗传，富含异染色质，不含对宿主主要性状有影响的基因等。B染色体DNA的分子组成既与A染色体极为相似，具有A染色体DNA分子组成的一般特征：富含重复序列和转座成分，染色体三大功能组件DNA高度同源；又与之相区别，含有B染色体特异的DNA序列，这些DNA序列可以为探讨B染色体的起源和进化提供有价值的信息。

Nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.

但是， 要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。

The energy required to replicate even large amounts of nonfunctional DNA is in fact relatively insignificant on the cellular or organismal scale, so no selective pressure results selection coefficients less than one over the population size are effectively neutral

需要用来复制即使大量的非功能性DNA的能量事实上在细胞或生物体范围内相对地没有意义，因此没有选择的压力结果超过人口大小的选择系数小于一是有效中性的

Transcript-selective translational control of eukaryotic gene expression is often directed by structural elements in the 5' and 3' untranslated region (5' and 3' UTR) of the mRNA.

在真核细胞中，基因的表现若是藉由调控转译的进行，通常是藉由 mRNA的 5'或3'端非转译区域上的二级结构的参与。

Methods S-P immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of VEGF-C and its reˉceptor Flt-4in10neighboring noncancerous tissue and60NSCLC cases of non-small cell lung cancer and32lymph nodes cases with lymph nodes metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer.

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子C及其受体Flt-4在人非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达及其与淋巴结转移等临床病理特征的关系方法采用免疫组化S-P法检测60例NSCLC原发灶组织、10例癌旁组织、32例伴有肺癌转移的淋巴结组织中VEGF-C、Flt-4的表达，并将结果与肺癌的临床病理特征进行分析。

The cooperation of 8-MOP/UVA could induced dermis of the non- lesion back skin of vulgar psoriatic patients and the cultured dermic fibroblasts produced large aging-associated mutations of mtDNA rapidly, it is feasible to establish human models in vivo and in vitro which could produced large aging-assoiated mutations of mtDNA rapidly for studies of the mechanisms of mutations of mtDNA in skin photoaging.

2.8-MOP/UVA可诱导寻常型银屑病患者背部非皮损区真皮组织及培养的成纤维细胞迅速产生光老化相关的mtDNA突变，建立迅速产生光老化相关mtDNA突变的体内外模型，利用该模型进一步研究mtDNA突变在光老化皮肤中的产生机制及其在皮肤光老化形成中的作用是可行的。

To determine the true rate of aneuploidy and to elucidate the mechanism of aneuploidy,the sperms were decondensed for FISH analysis. It was found that the disomic frequencies of chromosome X was 0.208%. A new decondensation method was developed by trypsin treatment. The basic morphology of sperm was maintained.

为了解非整倍体的真实发生率及其发生机制，本文以X染色体α卫星DNA探针进一步检测出正常精子中X染色体的二体型频率为0.208％，同时，建立了一种保持精子基本形态的胰酶去凝聚的方法，为目前国内尚未开展的精子遗传物质结构的分子细胞遗传学研究，提供了新的手段。

Mutant libraries created by saturation mutagenesis of each single amino acid site D168, A225, K434 and E435 were screened to further improve the capability of cytochrome P450 BM-3(A74G/F87V/L188Q) mutant from Bacillus Megaterium which can hydroxylate indole into indigo. Results showed that D168, K434 and E435 are located at the functional domain of P450 BM-3 protein while A225 is sited at the unfunctional domain.

为了进一步获得具有更高活力的细胞色素P450 BM-3(F87V/A74G/L188Q)突变酶，利用饱和突变技术对该突变酶的4个氨基酸位点D168、A225、K434、E435分别进行单一的随机突变，通过对其羟基化吲哚生成靛蓝的催化性能表征，发现P450 BM-3氨基酸残基的168、434和435位均位于蛋白功能区域，而225位则位于非功能区域。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷