非均态的

Main contributions and achievements are as follows:A general non-equilibrium rigorous model for RDP is developed in this thesis. Based on the pseudo-homogenous assumption, two main factors reaction and separation are de-coupled, and an RDP model with the same format as that for a traditional distillation process is established. To solve the model with a large number of algebraic equations, modified M-K equations with tri-diagonal matrix form are developed based on the improved Separation Efficiency Functions, which greatly increases the iteration efficiency. This thesis also develops a general reactive distillation dynamic model. Through splitting of the differential variables based on SEFS, large-scaled differential algebraic equations can be solved with the improved Gear's algorithm which makes the dynamic model suitable for the on-line application. A simulation platform for the control loop design and evaluation of RDP by introducing control system equations into the dynamic model is also developed.A lactic acid purification pilot-scale RDP is investigated.

论文对热点问题——反应精馏过程的建模与优化控制相关技术进行了深入的研究，取得了一系列成果：1、建立了反应精馏过程机理模型，基于拟均相假设，将反应和分离过程进行解耦，推导出反应精馏过程的非平衡级稳态模型和动态模型，通过引入推广的分离效率函数，对模型变量进行了合理划分，显著提高了模型求解效率；将动态模型和控制系统方程结合，建立了反应精馏过程控制系统研究的辅助工具。2、全面分析了乳酸提纯反应精馏新工艺试验装置，利用本文建立的过程机理模型，对该试验装置进行了稳态和动态性能分析及水力学核算；设计和分析了单边质量控制方案，比较了间接和直接物料平衡控制两种方案的控制性能。

The proposed method has the merit that the numerical characteristics of stochastic temperature field response can be obtained by analyzing the random temperature field just in one time.3. Perturbed numerical algorithm of nonprobabilistic convex set theoretical models on the temperature fieldThe uncertain parameters of physical parameters and initial boundary conditions of heat conduction are described by the convex model. The perturbation formulas of the upper and lower bounds of temperature field response with unknown-but-bounded parameters are given via the combination of matrix perturbation theory and the convex set theory model.4. Numerical analysis for transient temperature field with interval parametersConsidering the uncertainties of the transient heat transfer, the physical parameters and initial boundary conditions are regarded as interval variables.

该方法具有只进行一次随机温度场分析便可以获得其响应的数字特征的优点。3、温度场的非概率凸集合理论模型的摄动数值解法将结构导热的物理参数、温度场的初始和边界条件等不确定性参数以凸模型加以描述，基于矩阵摄动理论和处理不确定问题的凸集合理论模型的结合，导出有界不确定参数瞬态温度场响应所在集合的上、下界摄动计算公式。4、具有区间参数的瞬态温度场数值分析考虑结构瞬态热传导问题的不确定性，将结构各物理参数和温度的初、边值条件均视为区间变量。

The circuits, including 4 value TTL, NOR gate and NAND gate and AND OR NOT gate and five state gate, are designed by use of bipolar transistors. They have good I/O characteristics, great load capacity and robust noise immunity, and their noise margin may reach±0.6V.

采用双极型晶体管设计出了四值TTL"或非"门、"与非"门和"与或非"门电路及五态门，这些电路均具有较好的输入输出特性、较强的负载能力和抗干扰能力，噪声容限可达到± 0 。6V。

The Levy style Cable Dome model is made up of 〓5 tension piano-wires and 〓32×1 5 compressive steel pipes, distance between nodes and the tension force of cables is adjusted by screw up and down the turnbuckle The procedure of shaping up included four ways, and the loading included fully loaded and half loaded, to validate the influence of unconservative property, the author carried through the slack procedure and the unload procedure.

该Levy型索穹顶模型，以受拉的〓5高强钢丝和〓32×1.5受压钢管构成，节点间拉索的长度以及拉索的预拉力通过拧紧或放松花篮螺丝来调节。试验内容包括成形试验和承载力试验，成形试验尝试了四种不同的成形方法，为了考察结构非保守性的影响，每种成形方法成形后，还逆序进行了结构的松弛试验，荷载态试验包括均布荷载满载（即在所有压杆上部节点施加集中荷载）和半载（在结构1／2的压杆上部节点施加集中荷载）的加载和卸载时结构工作性能的测试。

The results show that there are eight reaction channels, corresponding to eight transition states, in the reaction process. The main parts of all transition states are non-planar five-membered ring, in which the geometry of Z -benzaldoxime and E -benzaldoxime is maintained partially, but the bond length, bond angle and charge are all changed.

结果表明，在苯甲醛肟与炔丙醇加成反应过程中， 8个可能反应通道的过渡态中均形成非平面五元环结构，其中苯甲醛肟的 Z 、 E 构型特征得到了部分保留，但主要部分的键长、键角均发生了变化，电荷也进行了重新分布。

The improving thermal stability of amorphous alloys could be favored to the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation.

提高非晶态合金的热稳定性，对加氢与脱氢反应均有利。

Using the SEM, polarized light microscope and X-ray analytical method, granule morphology, granulitization and Non-crystalline of starch with non-crystallized granule state were investigated. Corn, tapioca and potato of non-crystalline had blowing out pole. Some poles of non-crystallized corn were big and deep, and the other little and low. Pole of tapioca of non-crystalline was low, and pole of potato was a big, deep stripe.

采用扫描电镜、偏光显微镜、X-射线等分析测试手段，对非晶颗粒态淀粉颗粒形貌以及颗粒性、非晶性进行了研究，发现非晶玉米、木薯、马铃薯淀粉均具有爆裂孔，其中非晶玉米淀粉颗粒的孔有的大而深，有的小而浅；而非晶木薯淀粉颗粒的爆裂孔较浅，而非晶马铃薯淀粉则形成一大而深的长条形的爆裂孔。

That is, splitting up of the overall reaction in spatial or temporal into two steps,hydrocarbon selective oxidation and reoxidation of the reduced catalyst, and matching each step with suitable reaction condition.

模拟研究和在实验室微型反应器上的研究结果证实，在适宜的操作条件下，通过固定床反应器人为非定态操作能够改善反应的时均性能、提高顺酐的选择性和收率。

The results showed that the two kinds of Ni-P electroless deposits are both amorphous. The phosphorus content in the deposit using lactic acid as complexing agent is 10.04%, and in the deposit using citric acid as complexing agent is 11.93%. As the Na2S content increases, the polarizability increases, and the corrosion current and corrosion potential decrease while the Na2S content is between 1.0%~2.5%. The corrosion resistance of Ni-P electroless deposit using lactic acid as complexing agent is better than that of another kind.

结果表明，利用两种络合剂形成的Ni-P镀层均为非晶态，其中以乳酸为络合剂的镀层中P含量为l0.04mass%，以柠檬酸为络合剂的镀层中P含量为11.93mass%，在1.0%~2.5% Na2S多介质中，随着Na2S多含量的增加，阳极极化曲线的极化率增大，自腐蚀电位和自腐蚀电流降低。

The above problems are studied in this thesis. First, the implicit NND scheme with mix flux splitting method proposed by Zhang Hanxin that is first order accurate in time and second order in space is modified. The modified scheme keeps the characteristics of fast convergence and is second order accurate both in time and space. It can be capable of simulating the unsteacly flow. Second, the topological method founded by Zhang Hanxin is improved to study the characteristics of vortex near the singular point on its axis and the cross streamlines on the longitudinal section passing the vortex axis. On the basis of topological results, a program which visualises numerical results is made out. It can help us analyse the characteristics of vortex motion.

本文对上述问题做了研究：第一，在数值模拟方面，借助于张涵信提出的NND算法和混合通量法，我们将他建立的时间为一阶、空间为二阶精度的快速隐式算法推广为时间和空间均为二阶精度的算法，这样做保留了原格式收敛快的特点，而且能适用于真实的非定常流态的计算；第二，将张涵信的拓扑分析方法加以推广，研究了涡轴附近及破裂点邻域内流场的空间特征，并以这些拓扑分析结果为指导，研制了一套显示计算结果的软件，这一软件能很好地帮助我们分析流场的计算结果和旋涡演变的特征。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。