非公式的

The main work and the originality points of this dissertation could be concluded as the following parts:(1) To analyze systematically the mathematical model of LES of air flow in great space, under the case of isothermal and non-isothermal, as well as the combined action of buoyancy and strain. Some basic problems are studied about the LES application into airflow simulation of great space, such as boundary conditions, spatial difference scheme and time advancing scheme, time step etc., which creates the basis for the LES application to indoor airflow simulation.(2) Both the instantaneous and time averaged flow field of great space with multiple jets under isothermal and non-isothermal cases are explored with large eddy simulation method, and also discussed the dynamic characteristics and the law of fluidflow in the great space.(3) Based on the results of LES of the great space and the Fanger thermal comfort indexes, it is brought forward the concept of the series of dynamic thermal comfort evaluating indexes, which could be divided into thermal comfort index with time averaged properties PD, PPD, PMV, thermal comfort index with instantaneous properties IPD, IPPD, IPMV, and time averaged thermal comfort indexes TAPD, TAPPD, TAPMV, and transient situations time averaged thermal comfort indexes TTAPD, TTAPPD, TTAPMV. The differences among them and the calculation methods are discussed, and the four kinds of indexes are calculated with the thermal comfort index PD as an example.(4) Based on the LES results it is discussed the hot air stratification phenomena in air-conditioned buildings in the case with air supply and return registers on the ceiling and the case on the sidewall. The fundamentals of the hot air stratification are studied and the relations of estimating hot air stratification are brought forward.(5) With the advanced apparatus such as hot wire film anemometer IFA300 and laser particle field anemoscope, corresponding model test and site measurements have been done, which are compared with the simulation results and LES is proved a very promising method in air flow simulation indoor.

本文主要工作既创新点体现在以下几个方面：(1)系统分析了等温、非等温和考虑剪切力与浮升力综合作用的高大空间大涡模拟数学模型，并研究了高大空间大涡模拟在室内气流仿真应用中的一些基本问题，如边界条件、空间离散格式和时间推进格式、时间步长选择等问题，为大涡模拟在室内气流计算中的广泛应用打下了基础；(2)首次用大涡模拟方法研究了高雷诺数下高大空间多射流在等温、非等温情况下的瞬时流场和时均流场分布，并探讨了多射流流场的动态特性和流动规律；(3)基于大涡模拟的动态仿真结果和Fanger的热舒适指标，首次系统地提出了动态热舒适评价指标体系的概念：即基于时间平均参数的热舒适指标PD、PPD、PMV；基于瞬时参数的瞬时热指标IPD、IPPD、IPMV；基于时间平均热舒适指标TAPD、TAPPD、TAPMV；以及沿行动迹线的时间平均热舒适指标TTAPD、TTAPPD、TTAPMV，并分析了四类热舒适指标的差异性和计算方法，还以PD值为例对四类指标分别进行了计算；(4)基于数十种工况下空调房间大涡模拟的结果，研究了空调建筑上送上回和侧送侧回两种情况下热分层现象，并探讨了热分层的基本规律，首次提出了避免热分层现象的判断公式；(5)在暖通空调领域，首次使用IFA300热线风速仪、激光粒子速度场仪等先进设备，完成了与大涡模拟相对应的模型试验，并把实测结果与仿真结果进行了对比，说明LES在室内气流仿真方面是一种很有前景的方法。

Applying the theory of Bessel function, the exact transfer matrix formulae of the asymmetric free vibration of the circular and annular plate elements with uniform thickness can be obtained.

应用贝塞尔函数理论，求得等厚度圆板和环板单元非对称自由振动传递矩阵的正确公式。

At last the formulae and curves of four means has been presented.

最后给出了4种非破损检测方法的计算公式及强度曲线。

Focusing on these issues, we summarize the theoretical models and formulism behind the experimental observation in this review.

本文着重就这些非理想电化学现象的理论模型、基本公式和微观认识进行了评述。

Based on the traits of the aspherical lens, the sunlight was focused on a very small spot, and then it was transferred into a plastic fiber by an aspherical lens and a selfoc lens. A formula for calculating the optimal length of selfoc lens is presented. The optimal assembly of the aspherical lens and selfoc lens was implemented by the aid of this formula. Therefore, sunlight is coupled into a plastic fiber efficiently.

根据非球面透镜垂轴球差小的特点把太阳光会聚到很小的光点，再利用长度约为1/4节距的自聚焦透镜改变光线的数值孔径使其满足光纤的数值孔径，通过一个计算公式来计算最佳的自聚焦透镜长度，实现非球面透镜和自聚焦透镜的最佳组合，把太阳光以较高的耦合效率耦合进塑料光纤。

The theoretical and computational results show that an important reason resulting in eccentric wear of the inner cylinder and the pumping rod lies in the nonuniformity of the stress distribution on the outwall of the inner cylinder which yields excentralization effect of the pumping rod when swabbing fluid flows in eccentric annuli with the pumping rod moving axially in a well.

在实验上，通过不同重量百分比浓度的HPAM水溶液在内管做轴向往复运动的偏心环空中非定常流实验，把由理论公式算得的时间平均流量与实验中测得的时间平均流量做了比较，验证了本文数值计算幂律流体在内管做轴向往复运动的偏心环空中非定常流方法的正确性；上述的理论与计算表明，抽油机井杆管偏磨的一个重要原因是，在聚驱工况下，抽汲液体在抽油杆做轴向运动的井筒中流动时，抽汲液体作用在抽油杆外壁上的压力分布的不均匀性所引起的抽油杆在井筒中的偏心效应。

Firstly, based on the method of pressure-velocity coupling introduced by SIMPLE algorithm and a revised method of solving the unsteady equation of stream function and vorticity on uniform grid, a special algorithm called primitive-variable-time-dependent approach is formed in the present study. In this algorithm the Navier-Stokes equation in primitive variable form is solved by using the time-dependent approach on non-uniform staggered grid system. The second-order accuracy finite difference is used for the first and second partial derivatives of all variables of the convective terms and diffusion terms.

首先，本文在SIMPLE算法系列处理速度与压力耦合问题的思路和均匀网格下改进的关于流函数涡量方程的数值求解方法的基础上，将非定常原始变量Navier-Stokes方程的求解推广至非等距交错网格剖分，形成了具有本文特色的原始变量时间推进方法，其中对流项和扩散项中各变量的各阶导数均采用二阶精度公式，包括温度在内的离散方程组采用ADI迭代方法求解。

For the first patern, elastic dynamics is adopted to study the steady state rolling contact, elastic dynamics incorporating with rigid dynamics is adopted to study the non-steady state. For the steady state, the analytical solution is obtained, and for the non-steady state, the variational formulation to solve the problem numerically is derived For the later patern, the function type friction coefficient is introduced. On the basis of the quasi-stastic theories of constant friction coefficients, both the exact theory and the simplified theory of the function type friction coefficient are established, the computer programms for both the theories are also made out. Using the function type friction coefficient, Shen-Hedrick-Elkins theory's application range is extended to large creepage .

对于速度对接触体力学特性的影响，本文采用弹性动力学方法和弹性动力学与刚体动力学相结合的方法分别对稳态和非稳态两种情况进行了研究，得到了稳态情况的解析解，给出了对非稳态情况进行数值求解的变分公式；对于速度对相关物理量的影响，本文主要讨论了速度对摩擦系数的影响，在滚动接触准静态理论的基础上引进了函数型摩擦系数，建立了函数型摩擦系数的滚动接触准静态精确理论和简化理论，并分别编制了相关的计算程序，还用函数型摩擦系数将简便的Shen-Hedrick-Elkins理论的适用范围扩展到大蠕滑区。

The main works of this paper are as follows.First, according to the three-step method, 1-D unsteady flow model in river network is introduced. A new topological structure is presented to describe and store the topology information and data in river network ,which realises the connection between GIS and the numerical program of hydraulic calculating and turns the program into a universal one .A new formula of internal boundary conditions with double-recursion algorithm is deduced, and the relationship of recursive coefficient between imaginary channel length and non-imaginary channel length is presented ,which makes sure that the model can comprise the numerical simulation of the internal boundaries such as side pipe outflow ,barrage, slice gate and drainage pump station.

主要工作如下：(1)根据三级解法建立了一维河网非恒定流模型，并提出了一种新的数据结构来描述和储存河网拓扑信息，方便了GIS平台和数值计算程序的衔接，实现了三级解法程序的通用性；从河段方程组出发，根据虚设河段法推导出了内边界条件的双追赶法公式，指明了虚设河段的追赶系数和非虚设河段追赶系数的关系，从而使模型可以模拟集中旁侧入流、堰、闸、水泵等内边界对行洪过程的影响。

The established equation indicates that, using the same data, the discontinuous fault strain is larger than that for the rigid-body model.

推算的公式表明，对于相同的原始数据，它引起的非连续应变比刚性旋转机制引起的非连续应变大。

Finally, according to market conditions and market products this article paper analyzes the trends in the development of camera technology, and designs a color night vision camera.

最后根据市场情况和市面上产品的情况分析了摄像机技术的发展趋势，并设计了一款彩色夜视摄像机。

Only person height weeds and the fierce looks stone idles were there.

只有半人深的荒草和龇牙咧嘴的神像。