静电的

Since the dismutation of superoxide radicals by SOD is a reaction that is rate-limited by diffusion and enhanced by electrostatic guidance, all these structural features may be related to GP-MnSOD's high catalytic activity: first, Lys38 may increase the effective enzyme-substrate association rate by enhancing the electrostatic gradient at its substrate channel; second, an excess of acidic over basic residues makes the negative surface potential of GP-MnSOD more larger than those of other known MnSODs. This may enhance the reaction rate by reducing futile collisions of superoxide radicals with GP-MnSOD's surface.

因此，GP-MnSOD的上述结构特征可能与GP-MnSOD的较高酶活有关：首先，Lys38增加了底物通道口的正静电势梯度，从而可能促进了GP-MnSOD的活性中心与底物的有效结合速率；其次，GP-MnSOD表面覆盖的过量酸性残基使得它比其它MnSOD在底物通道以外的蛋白表面更多地被负静电势所覆盖，这可能有效地减少了超氧阴离子与GP-MnSOD表面的无效碰撞，从而提高了反应速率。

This dissertation involves the study of the growth dynamics of colloidal particles under unequilibrium and irreversibility condition. Firstly, it is of interest to investigate whether the ideal diffusion or reaction-limited aggregation universal behavior can be observed for the initially polydisperse practical system of basic yttrium carbonate as well. The fractal structure of basic yttrium carbonate aggregate cluster was observed using transmission eletron microscopy. The aggregation kinetics of basic yttrium carbonate colloids was studed using dynamic 1ight-scattering techniques. At 1.00mol/l NaCl solution the fast diffusion-limited aggregation behavior was observed with an increase in the aggregate size over time described by a power law. The aggregates are characterized by a fractal dimension D=1.82. The disordered and ramified cluster is consisted of primary colloidal particles and tenuous and more open. These are in good agreement with those observed for other colloidal system such as colloidal gold (1.86), silica (1.85) and polystyrene latex (1.82) in diffusion-limited aggregation from the static and dynamic light scattering by Lin. Therefore ideal diffusion-limited aggregation behavior can be observed in practical polydisperse system as well. Smoluchwski and fractal theories were used to obtain the aggregation rate constant for initially polydisperse system for the first time.

本论文研究胶粒的非平衡不可逆聚集动态学，分为两个部分，第一部分是通过实验研究一个新的初始多分散的碱式碳酸钇胶粒实际体系中，聚集标度性质的普适性，即使用透射电子显微技术观测聚集粒子簇的分形结构，使用动态激光光散射研究碱式碳酸钇胶粒的聚集动力学，胶粒带电而产生静电排斥作用使得碱式碳酸钇胶粒处于稳定状态，当加入电解质NaCl溶液时，碱式碳酸钇胶粒间的Debye-Hückel屏蔽距离缩短，从而降低静电排斥能垒，引起胶粒发生不可逆聚集，加入电解质NaCl的浓度为1.00mol/l时，碱式碳酸钇胶粒进行快速聚集，经历扩散控制聚集机理，形成结构疏松、更为开放的分形聚集粒子簇，其分形维数为1.82，碱式碳酸钇胶粒聚集增长动力学遵循幂函数增长规律，与Lin等使用静态激光光散射和动态激光光散射测量硅胶(1.85)、金胶(1.86)和聚苯乙烯胶乳(1.82)在扩散控制聚集状态形成聚集粒子簇的分形维数值以及粒子簇聚集增长的动力学规律相一致，表明胶粒聚集标度性质的普适性质在初始多分散的实际体系中也是存在的，首次由动态激光光散射的实验数据得到初始多分散胶粒分形粒子簇的聚集速率常数，并且其值与Smoluchowski聚集速率理论预期相符。

Theoretical analysis and testing results demonstrated that Viton, a new substitute of the former plasticizer, could noticeably improve its performances, which has been proved as the important improvements of the mixture. Due to the favorable thermochemistry performance, dicyandiamide can act as a good combustion-rate regulator. The addition of antistatic agent can desirably increase the antistatic capability of the mixture, and the testing results showed that the performance of the improved mixture was excellent.

理论分析和测试结果均表明了以氟橡胶取代耐水点火药中原粘合剂将使药剂的各项性能有明显的改善，是耐水点火药改进的重要方面；双氰胺具有良好的热化学特性，作为耐水点火药改进中的燃烧速度调节剂具有很好的调速效果；抗静电剂的加入，进一步提高了药剂的抗静电能力，测试分析表明改进后药剂的性能更加优异。

After the carboxymethylation,the solubility of pachyman in the water was significantly increased,its β-D-glucan characteristic absorption peak at 890 cm-1 became weak obviously,and its methylene vibration absorption peak and CO antisymmetrical stretch vibration absorption peak appeared at 1 333 and 1 606 cm-1 respectively,which indicated that the carboxymethylation succeeded.The analysis of AFM results showed that CMP molecules existed in different morphology under different solution conditions,and that the concentration,ionic strength and solvent physical chemistry characteristics of polysaccharide solution had effects on the CMP chains conformation and the action mode between different molecular chains.The phenomena were considered to be related to hydrogen bond association and intramolecular and intermolecular electrostatic interactions of CMP.

结果表明：经过羧甲基修饰，茯苓多糖在水中的溶解性显著增加，890 cm-1 处的β-D-葡聚糖特征吸收峰明显减弱，1 333 cm-1 处出现次甲基振动吸收峰，1 606 cm-1 处出现〖JG(〗C〖ZJLX，Y〗O〖JG)〗非对称伸缩振动吸收峰，表明羧甲基化成功；原子力显微镜分析表明：在不同溶液条件下，CMP分子以不同形态存在，多糖溶液的浓度、离子强度及溶剂的物化特性均能对CMP的分子链构象及链间相互作用形式产生影响，推测可能与CMP分子内、分子间的氢键缔合及静电作用有关，CMP分子与云母基底间的吸附及静电作用也会对CMP的分子链构象及图像质量产生影响。

The image forming device also includes a pressing body which is provided on the main frame and is slidable in a direction along a straight line orthogonal to a rotational center shaft of the electrostatic latent image carrier and a rotational center shaft of the developer carrier, and an operating unit which operates the pressing body to press a bottom surface of the developing unit by sliding the pressing body in a direction of the straight line and to hold the pressing body so that the developer carrier is maintained under a state making contact with the electrostatic latent image carrier.

该成像设备还包括：一个按压机构，该机构设置在该主框架上，并在按压方向上沿着这样直线的方向滑动，其中该直线垂直于静电潜象载体的旋转中心轴和显影剂载体的旋转中心轴；以及一个操作装置，该操作装置通过在直线的方向上滑动该按压主体以按压显影单元的底面，并保持该按压主体，从而该显影剂载体保持在与静电潜象载体接触的状态。

These little-understood storms may be caused when rock fragments, ash, and ice particles collide to produce static charges--just as ice particles collide to create charges in regular thunderstorms.

这种难以理解的现象可能是火山爆发出来的的岩石碎片、灰尘和冰粒相互碰撞产生强大静电造成的---就像在普通的雷雨天气中小冰粒碰撞产生的静电一样。

In flotation pulp, local cell was present in sulfide particles-water system, sulfide particles-modifer-water system, sulfide particles-collector-water system and grinding medium-water system; Galvanic coupling did in mineral-mineral interaction and mineral-grinding medium interaction, the material of higher potential acted as a cathode , and the lower as an anode.

在磨矿—浮选矿浆中产生的局部电池包括硫化矿物颗粒在水体系、调整剂体系、捕收剂体系和磨矿介质在水体系中的阳极氧化以及氧在同一固体表面上的阴极还原；在磨矿—浮选矿浆中的迦伐尼电偶则存在于硫化矿物—硫化矿物、硫化矿物—磨矿介质之间，其中静电位低的物质发生阳极氧化，氧在具有高静电位的阴极钝化物质上还原。

Wheares under buffer pH5.2, there is no strong static electricity and instead being a longer wavelength movement; SDS\'s participation just restricts the relative movement of heme\'s ethylene; a new fluorescent peak forms and the reduction of enzymatic activity is due to the packing of micella\'s formation.

强变性的阴离子表活剂SDS与带净正电荷和弱负电荷的SBP(处于pH2.6和4.2缓冲液中)有强烈的静电力作用，酶活力丧失，二级结构变化，荧光强度增加，特征Soret发生蓝移，卟啉环的π-π*共轭的分裂能增大；而当SBP带净负电荷(pH5.2)时，没有静电吸引力，Soret带发生红移；SDS的引入只是限制了血红素上乙烯取代基的运动，使其与卟啉环共轭：极性环境的变化导致产生新的荧光峰；酶活力因胶团包裹作用而有下降。

The humidity resistance and the sensitivity to chemical warfare agents simulants of the tuned films were also investigated.Self-assembled LBL polyaniline films were prepared from aniline monomers by in situ polymerization and the mechanism of film formation was discussed. It was proposed that the self-assembly of polyaniline occurred through the quick absorption of aniline monomer cations or aniline monomer cation radicals on the glass surfaces by electrostatic attractions to form homogeneous polymerization centers, then increased gradually by the way of upright to the glass supports for extensity, leading to the polyaniline chain growth. The polyaniline was doped under acidic condition to absorb anionic polyelectrolyte, such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate based on the electrostatic force, or to adsorb polymer based on hydrogen-bonding interactions, for example Polyvinyl Alcohol, and then recycled to fabricate_n or_n self-assembled multilayer films.

跟踪了原位聚合的具有纳米结构的聚苯胺多层自组装膜的成膜过程，提出了该自组装膜的成膜机理：聚合反应初始阶段的苯胺阳离子或苯胺阳离子自由基通过静电作用快速吸附到带负电荷的基片表面，形成均匀的聚合中心，然后以垂直于基片的方式进行链增长生成PANI；PANI在酸性条件下经现场掺杂后带正电荷，再通过静电作用吸附带负电荷的聚电解质如聚苯乙烯磺酸钠，或通过氢键作用吸附聚合物如聚乙烯醇，这样循环LBL-SA即得到_n或_n等原位聚合聚苯胺自组装膜。

The results show that methyl group strengthens the electrostatic attractions, but reduces the H-bonds effect, while benzyl group can make both electrostatic and H-bond effects strong. The theoretical results are identical with the results of the collectors flotation tests. Collecting ability of the quaternary amine salts is better than that of dodecylamine and dodecyl bimethyl amine. The quaternary amine salt containing benzyl group performs best, and it is little affected by pH value. Substitution of N-containing polar group in amine collectors can impact the aluminosulicate minerals flotation.

研究结果表明：甲基的取代可增强阳离子的静电作用能力，同时，削弱它与矿物表面之间的氢键作用；苄基的取代不仅增强药剂的静电效应，而且增加氢键的结合能力；理论分析结果与浮选试验结果一致，季铵盐的浮选能力较伯胺与叔胺的强，连有苄基的季铵盐对铝硅酸盐矿物的捕收能力最强，且受pH值影响小。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。