青霉

Results The results showed that the average concentration of the bacteria, fungi and total microbes in the outdoor environment were 5.04×10^4, 3.75×10^3 and 5.41×10^4 cfu/m^3 respectively and the fungi accounted for 6.92% of the total. The preliminary identification showed that the dominant bacteria mainly were Micrococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus and the average percentage were 37.3%, 21.0%, 10.3% and 9.5% respectively. Of the five fungi the dominant ones were Aspergillum, Penicillium, Mucor and Rhizopu. The average percentage were 42.0%, 36.0%, 4.4% and 4.2% respectively. Conclusion The outdoor air of Hefei has been polluted by airborne microbes.

结果 合肥城区空气细菌总数均值为5.04×10^4cfu/立方公尺，真菌总数均值为3.75×10^3cfu/立方公尺，合计为5.41×10^4 cfu/立方公尺，其中真菌占6.92%；对不同采样点的空气细菌和真菌进行了初步鉴定，优势细菌属为微球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和葡萄球菌属，分别占总细菌的37.3%，21.0%，10.3%，9.5%；真菌共检出5属，其中优势菌属为曲霉属、青霉属、毛霉属、根霉属，分别占总真菌的42.0%，36.0 %，4.4%，4.2%。

Result In the first 4 d of experiment, the corrected mortalities of spore suspensions with various concn. of P. cicadae APC20 to P. xylostella were lower than 50%, but on the 7 th day, that of spore suspension with concn. of 3.0×10^8 spores/ml reached 85.11% and the insect corpses was bestrewed in the mycelium and spore powder of P. cicadae, indicating that APC20 showed stronger parasitic lethality to P.

结果］药后第1~4天，蝉拟青霉APC20各个浓度的孢子悬浮液对小菜蛾的校正死亡率均低于50%，而第7天，浓度为3.0×10^8个／ml的孢子悬浮液对小菜蛾的校正死亡率达85.11%，并且虫尸布满蝉拟青霉的菌丝体和孢子粉，说明APC20对小菜蛾呈现较强的寄生致死性。

The bioinformatics analysis showed that the gene had the highest homology with the gene of Penicillium janthinellum, which reached up to 76%. The first 26 amino acids might be a signal peptide sequence with the hydrophobicity of up to 2.63. The CBHⅠ gene consisted of the catalytic domain, convergence zone and cellulose-binding domain and its tertiary structure was mainly composed of 3-sheets.

分别扩增到鹅源草酸青霉F67纤维素酶CBHⅠ基因片段A(EU574736)、5'端序列B1(EU603295)、3'端序列B2(EU652768)及全长基因C(EU727171)，并成功构建真核表达载体pPIC9K-CBHⅠ；生物信息学分析表明，该基因蛋白序列与微紫青霉氨基酸序列同源性最高，达76%，前26个氨基酸为信号肽序列，疏水性可达2.63，由催化功能域、衔接区和真菌性纤维素结合域构成，其三级结构主要为β-sheet。

We examined the infection of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus via electron microscopy scan and pathogenicity of P. fumosoroseus conidia powder, conidia suspension liquid and conidia broth. Results show more conidia in acanthoid surface topography than in spinous surface topography.

采用扫描电镜观察玫烟色拟青霉分生孢子在小菜蛾幼虫体表的萌发和侵染过程及玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉、孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力。

Used the dual culture, germination of spores and inoculation experiment , the strains of penicillium sp. had the strongest antifungal effectiveness to cytospora sp .of populus , so the strains of penicillium sp. could continue research .

综合两点对峙培养、孢子萌发和人工接种试验的结果可以看到青霉属菌株对杨树烂皮病菌的拮抗效果最好，因此，可对青霉属进行进一步试验为开发新的生防拮抗制剂打下基础。

Drug sensitive test and three-dimensional test220 strains of Pa were isolated from hospitalized patients between 2003 and 2007. K-B method was used to tested the susceptibility of 10 different antibiotics. IRPa was screened by testing the minimal inhibitory concentration of imipemem by using agar diluiion method.The susceptibility of these IRPa to the antibiotics was analysised. Three-dimensional test was used to identify the different kinds of beta lactamases from 220 strains of Pa.2.Carbarpenems hydrolytic enzyme genes and oprD2 gene were detectedamong the selected IRPa strains, PCR method was performed to detect carbapenemase genes which included GES、KPC、SPM、VIM、IMP、GIM gene and the oprD2 gene;Multiplex PCR were used to detect OXA genes and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta lactamase genes; The expression of the chromosomal AmpC beta lactamases and oprD2 genes in IRPa strains were analyzed by Real-time PCR.3.Identification and characterization of integronsIntegrase gene was detected by PCR, and the classification of integrons was performed by using restriction fragment length polymorphism.PCR was performed to detect the qacE△1-sull gene,and the gene cassetes which are located at variable region of integrons in the strains were detected to be positive.

方法1、药敏实验和三维实验收集2003～2007年临床分离的220株Pa，对这些菌株采用K-B法测定10种临床常用抗生素的药敏情况，同时采用琼脂稀释法检测亚胺培南的最低抑菌浓度(Minimal inhibitory concentration，MIC)，筛选出对亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌，并分析其对其它抗生素的药物敏感率；采用三维实验的方法分析220株Pa产β内酰胺酶的类型。2、碳青霉烯类水解酶和oprD2蛋白的检测针对鉴定的IRPa菌株，采用普通PCR方法检测具有碳青霉烯水解作用的β内酰胺酶耐药基因(GES、KPC、SPM、VIM、IMP、GIM基因)和oprD2基因，采用多重PCR的方法检测OXA型基因和质粒携带的AmpC酶基因，用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测oprD2蛋白基因表达情况；同时对产AmpC酶的Pa(25株，含IMP耐药和敏感株)用RT-PCR方法检测AmpC酶基因的表达量情况。3。

Methods According to differences in internal transcribed space sequences of Penicillium genus and specific IAO sequence, we designed species-specific primers AS1/RS4 and IAO1/IAO2 of Penicillium griseofulvum and established the corresponding PCR systems.

根据 GeneBank 中青霉属不同种和相近属种的 ITS 序列差异和灰黄青霉特有的 IAO 序列，设计了污染区优势种灰黄青霉的特异性引物 AS1/RS4 和 IAO1/IAO2，建立相应的特异探针检测体系。

85 And 119486/79. They are a novel type of antibiotic having both the wide antibacterial spectrum and high safety of penicillin and cephem antibiotics belonging to beta -lactam antibiotics, as well as the potent antibacterial activity and high beta -lactamase stability of carbapenem antibiotics.Sodium-(5R, 6S)-6-[-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3- [-2-tetrahydrofuryl]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate 5/2 hydrate (faropenem sodium, hereinafter referred to as compound 1) is currently used as an oral drug for various infectious diseases and is reported to show potent antibacterial activity against not only methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae but also gram-positive bacteria for which conventional beta -lactam drugs have proved ineffective such as penicillin-resistant pneumococci, oral staphylococci and enterococci, also showing a wide antibacterial spectrum covering gram-negative bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and anaerobic bacteria such as the genus Bacteroides, which activity is due to its novel skeleton penem ring (Kagaku Ryoho no Ryoiki The Field of Chemotherapy, Vol.

他们是一种新型的抗生素都具有广泛的抗菌谱和高度的安全青霉素和cephem抗生素，属于β-内酰胺类抗生素，以及作为强大的抗菌活性和高β-内酰胺酶稳定的碳青霉烯类antibiotics.sodium -（ 5 R ， 6 S ）-6 -[ - 1 -羟乙基] - 7 -氧- 3 - [ - 2 - t etrahydrofuryl] - 4 -硫杂- 1 -氮杂双环[ 3 。2.0]庚- 2 -节能- 2 -羧酸5 / 2水合物（法罗培南钠，以下简称为化合物1 ）是目前用来作为口服药物，为各种传染病和报道，以显示强大的抗菌活性，不仅对甲氧敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌，链球菌pyrogenes和肺炎链球菌，但也克阳性菌为常规β-内酰胺类药物已证明无效，如青霉素耐药pneumococci ，口腔葡萄球菌和肠球菌，也显示出广泛的抗菌谱，包括革兰阴性菌如流感嗜血杆菌和厌氧菌如属杆菌，这活动是由于其新颖的骨架青霉烯环（（化学ryoho没有ryoiki领域的化疗），第13卷，第10号，第74-80 ， 1997年）。

Under the microenvironments of fruit bagging,Alternaria had always been the major fungi in different bags,sites of fruit and weather conditions during the whole growing season. As the secondary major fungi,Penicillium had always been after July and emerged later in inner bag and cortical pore than other sites.In the bag with which the inner bag was red and waxing,Trichoderma was isolated first in pericarp without cortical pore and inner bag as well as later in cortical pore after August.In \'Kobayashi\' bag which inner bag was red and waxing, Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated in pericarp without cortical pore and cortical pore after bag removed.Alternaria and Penicillium were isolated in unbagging fruit and \'Qianwei\' bag which inner bag was red and unwaxing and the date Penicillium was isolated in CK was 45d later than bagging treatment.Under high temperature weather condition,there were no differences in the fungi population structure on fruit surface among all treatments.And the fungi population structure on fruit surface in bagging apple was more than that of unbagging ones under overcast and rainy condition.

在苹果套袋微域环境下，不同育果袋、果实不同部位、不同时期、不同气象条件下的真菌主要是链格孢霉，且在套袋后的整个生长季均可分离到；青霉为第二大真菌，在7月份后均可分离到，在非皮孔部位的出现要早于内果袋和皮孔部位；8月份后在内袋红色涂蜡的育果袋上分离出了木霉，其先出现在非皮孔处和内果袋，然后出现在皮孔处；曲霉和镰刀菌仅在内袋红色涂蜡的&小林&袋的非皮孔部位和皮孔部位于摘袋后分离出；在内袋为黑色且未涂蜡的育果袋和未套袋果上仅仅分离出链格孢霉和青霉，且青霉分离出的时期要比套袋果晚45d。

The results indicated Paecilomyces farinosus was aerobic fungus and rotate speed of rocking bed exceeded 150r/min would benefit the mycelium growth.Initial inoculum could affect the time of reaching maximal mycelial bioass and could not affect the maximal mycelial bioass.inoculum exceeding 5% would benefit t...

结果表明粉拟青霉是一种好气性真菌，摇床转速大于150r/min有利于该菌生长；接种量对菌丝最大产量影响不大，但是能够影响菌丝量达到最大值的时间；接种量大于5%，有利于菌丝产量迅速达到最大值；粉拟青霉菌在pH值为3～10的培养基中都能够生长，生长过程中能够分泌代谢产物主动调节pH值，该菌在pH为5～7的微酸环境中生长最快；液体发酵过程中粉拟青霉生长量与发酵时间的关系符合逻辑斯蒂生长模型。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。