霸权的

With the rise and fall of the hegemon based on un-equilibrium development in its power, the hegemonic system also developed cyclically.

霸权体系随霸权国家的兴衰而呈现出周期性的特点，导致霸权体系周期性变化的主要原因是各国在权力增长方面的不均衡性。

On the basis of analysing and summarizing the situationchanges of the growth and decline of national and ethnic issues on international level, caused by thegeopolitical contention among imperial hegemonist powers, andon the domestic level withnin multi—ethnic states all overthe world during the 20th century,this article demostrates inan all—round waythe characteristics of national and ethnicissues through the discussion on the enlightment that weshould gain from the situation changes of the growth anddecline of national and ethnic issues; puts forward the newviewpoint that national and ethnic issues also possesscharacteristics ofuniversality and internationality besidesthose of their protracted nature, complex nature andimportance,and emphaticlly analyses the essential distinctionbetween the internationality nature and the"internationalization" of ethnic issues.

知识词典世界民族京1～12A849民族研究郝时远20002000本文对20世纪世界范围内国际层面的民族问题、帝国霸权的地缘政治争夺所引发的民族问题以及国内层面的民族问题的消长态势进行了分析和归纳，并通过世纪之交世界民族问题的消长态势留给人们的启示，就全面认识民族问题的特点进行了论证，在传统的民族问题的长期性、复杂性和重要性特点基础上，提出了民族问题还具有普遍性和国际性特点的新观点，分析了民族问题的国际性与民族问题"国际化"的本质区别。

In fact, it was as a consequence of field research in the Medoc that I came to understand how important culture is, viewed as lived social interactions, the symbolic and the contested, to both the construction and reproduction of the political economy of winegrowing.6 That is, differences in climate and soil can be invoked rhetorically to c6nceal the cultural and historical construction of class privilege or, in Roger Keesing's sense of mimesis (I992), subordinate populations can reproduce the very logic and hegemonic discourse of their privileged counterparts.

实际上，借助 Medoc野外研究的结果，通过社会相互作用、象征与竞争，乃至葡萄种植业的政治经济的建设与再生产，我懂得文化的重要性。即气候和土壤的差异，被夸大的吹嘘以至于隐藏起等级特权的文化与历史建设的作用，在罗杰基辛（1992）模拟的感觉里，人能与他们的特权对手重建非常逻辑和霸权的对话。

Chapter Three: Geostrategic environments lead to the different views on the history of World War II between Germany and Japan Germany, locating in the centre of Europe, formulated the new geostrategic diplomatic policy because of vigilant attention and threat of powerful neighbors, and wished to be forgiven and recognized by neighboring countries; However, Japan, with the help of America which is dominant for Far East countries after the war, despised the poor and victimized countries in Asia, and failed to introspect.

第三章：德、日两国二战史观迥异之地缘环境因素地处欧洲中心的德国，在周边强邻的警惕注视和不停敲打的压力下，制定了新的地缘外交战略，积极寻求周边国家的谅解和认可；而在战后远东处于美国压倒性霸权的国际环境下，日本仗恃美国的保护和撑腰，轻视贫弱的亚洲受害国，极大影响了对其侵略历史的深刻反省。

This thesis intends to use a feminist perspective to analyze Caddy and other female characters. From the descriptions of her brothers', we sense the female's muteness and absence. By obliterating male's language hegemony, we can visualize an oppressed female image and see her endless efforts to fight against sexual oppression and reconstruct her female subject.

本文力图用一种新的女性视角去感悟女性的缄默与缺席，以期掀起男权主义的面纱，沥去男性话语霸权的喧嚣，从凯蒂的兄弟有关凯蒂的片言只语的叙述中连缀起她的支离破碎的形象，深入挖掘造成以她为代表的女性悲剧的真正原因，展现她们为反抗性别压迫、构建女性主体所做出的不懈努力。

My thesis is divided into three chapters: In the first chapter, I mainly present the excavations of Oxyrhynchus, the discovery of the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, the author, the organization, the style and the vocabulary of the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia as well as the time of writing and the scope of the content.In the second chapter, I mainly analyze the war at Ephesus, Megara and Notium recorded in the Cairo Fragment and Florence Fragment and compare them with other historian\'s records.In the third chapter, I analyze the contents of London Fragment item by item and compare the parallel records with the other historian\'s. I mainly discuss the prosperity of Thebes and the fall of Athens in the Peloponnesian War, the constitution of Boeotia, the recovery of Athens after the Peloponnesian War, the consolidation of Spartan hegemony, the Corinthian War, the democratic revolution of Rhodes, the relationship between Persia and the Greek City States, the political conflict inside the Greek City States, etc.

本文共分为三章：在第一章中，笔者主要探讨了奥克西林库斯的考古发掘、《奥克西林库斯希腊志》的发掘出土及其作者、体例、语言和风格、创作时间以及记载的内容；在第二章中，主要对《奥克西林库斯希腊志》的开罗断片与佛罗伦萨断片所记载的以弗所战役、麦加拉战役和诺丁姆战役进行了史料分析和文献比对；在第三章中，笔者对伦敦断片所记内容进行逐条分析并与其他史家的记述进行了文献比对，其中主要探讨了伯罗奔尼撒战争中雅典的衰落与底比斯的繁荣、比奥提亚的联盟体制、伯罗奔尼撒战争之后雅典的复兴、斯巴达霸权的巩固、科林斯战争、罗德斯民主政变、波斯与希腊城邦的关系以及希腊城邦内部的党派斗争等内容。

It is argued that globalization may lead to an unjust world under the oppression by economic, political, and cultural hegemonies.

全球化隐含着一个危机，就是经济强权、政治霸权、文化霸权可能会带来一个不公义的世界。

Nye's neo-liberal theory on hegemony has contributed to the development of western hegemony theories. It is aimed at nullifying "hegemony cycle theory" and maintaining a permanent US hegemony.

奈的新自由主义霸权观丰富和发展了西方的霸权理论，其意图在于打破霸权周期论，确保美国的永久霸权地位。

Arguing that emigration had represented a form of selection of the fittest, Hitler claimed that this "menacing American hegemonic position" was "determined primarily by the quality of the American people and only secondarily by its Lebensraum".

他提到，这个移民国家代表了一种&最佳的选择形式&；认为这个&极具威胁性的美国霸权&的形成主要是由美国人的&质量&决定的，其次才由它的&生存空间&决定。

It is not appropriate to raise practical political objections to these enclave utopias, always threatened by the hegemony of private business and monopoly all around them, and at the mercy of distribution as well, not to speak of the dominant legal system.

对这些飞地式的乌托邦进行实际的政治否定是不合适的，因为它们总是受到它们周围的私有企业和垄断霸权的威胁，受到分配制度的摆布，更不用说还受统治的司法制度的约束。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。