震级

Being a geophysicist I was immediately interested in how large the earthquake was and where it had occurred.

"强烈的地震通常令人心神不安，"她说，"作为地球物理学家，我急于想知道震级和震源。"

Astute people have noted that the magnitude of aquake does not seem to have relevance to the destruction thatensures.

敏锐的人们已经注意到了地震的震级看起来好像与导致的毁坏无关。

Astute people have noted that the magnitude of a quake does not seem to have relevance to the destruction that ensures.

敏锐的人们已经注意到了地震的震级看起来好像与导致的毁坏无关。

The previous research of this earthquake yielded 4 different epicenter locations and isoseismal intensity maps.

文中在重新查阅历史记载资料的基础上，重新绘制了该地震的等震线，其极震区的烈度为Ⅸ度，相对应的震级为级。

The authors replotted the isoseismals of this event based on checking historical earthquake records,in which the intensity value of the innermost isoseismal is Ⅷ.We concluded that the depth of this earthquake is from 15km to 18km.

以该地震内圈等震线的几何中心为震中，根据梅世蓉-萨瓦连斯基有关震中烈度、震级和震源深度之间的统计关系，以及谢毓寿的统计结果，得到的震源深度为15～18km。

There exists extraordinarily affluent literature of historical earthquake.Currently,we inadequately utilize macro phenomena of earthquake and isoseismal,therefore,further explore the source of historical earthquake,and emphasize the uncertainty of epicenter and magnitude of historical earthquake.Since 1970,along with the advancement of observational technique, we greatly improve seismic observational accuracy,and moderate and small seismic data recorded by instrument is more and more sufficient.

历史地震的文献资料异常丰富，但是对地震宏观现象及等震线的利用显得不足，历史地震资源还待进一步开发；而且历史地震震中位置和震级的不确定性问题需要注意。1970年以来，由于观测技术的提高，地震观测精度得到很大程度地改善，仪器记录的中小地震资料也越来越丰富。

In this paper, the author records followed, in February 1996 the capacity of 3 to 7 day and night and seismic November 9, 1996 Health and Activity 160 kilometers before and after the 6.1 earthquake, meteorological cloud anomalies of the whole process of change , and 2-4 days in advance of earthquake prediction and the magnitude of the region; the earthquake in China's Xinjiang, Tibet, earthquake, earthquake in Yunnan Province, four Kawasaki Wenchuan 8 earthquake, the Taiwan earthquake, Iran earthquakes, the earthquake in Pakistan, Afghanistan, earthquake, earthquake in Indonesia and Japan earthquake happened before and after the anomaly caused by meteorological satellite cloud images and the different characteristics of the atmospheric circulation anomalies; describes the November 4, 1952 Kamchatka 8.5 earthquake and November 6, 1958 Kuril Islands 8.2 earthquake in 1960, May 21 Day 2 after 7.9 earthquake occurred in Chile and 8.5 earthquakes, August 25, 1933 North Sichuan Timor-mao Diego River and the 7.5 earthquake in 1976 in Tangshan, Hebei 7.8 earthquake happened before and after the abnormal atmospheric circulation features; analyzed, drought in our country large floods, heavy rain and local in 2008 China's 21 provinces in spring Serious frozen snow disasters, which occurred due to seismic activity.

本文介绍了笔者跟踪观察记录的，1996年2月3日云南丽江7级地震和1996年11月9日上海东160公里6.1级地震发生前后，气象卫星云图异常特征变化的全过程，并提前2—4天预测出地震发生区域和震级；阐述了我国新疆地震、西藏地震、云南地震、四川汶川8级大地震、台湾地震、伊朗地震、巴基斯坦地震、阿富汗地震、印尼地震和日本地震，发生前后引起气象卫星云图异常变化的不同特征和异常的大气环流；描述了1952年11月4日堪察加8.5级地震和1958年11月6日千岛群岛8.2级地震，1960年5月21日后24日智利发生7.9级地震和8.5级地震，1933年8月25日四川茂汶北迭溪7.5级地震和1976年河北唐山7.8级地震，发生前后大气环流出现异常的特征；分析研究了，我国大旱大涝、局部大暴雨和2008年春季我国21个省发生严重冰冻雨雪灾害，发生的原因是地震活动。

Many studies are made on the pattern of earthquake occurence in space, time and magnitude.

对地震发生的空间，时间和震级的图象作了许多研究。

The main research work and its results are: 1Empirical results are analysed for the relations of fault displacement and earthquake magnitude, and difference between permanent ground deformation and maxium dynamic relative displacement on the two sides of fault; 2An analytic method is proposed for resopnse of a buried pipeline due to earthquake fault movement; 3A new shell model with an equivalent boundary and relted finite element analysis method are proposed for estimating response of a buried pipeline under large fault movement; 4By the proposed method, damage performance of water supply steel pipelines with large diameter is simulated to the real cases in Kocaeli Earthquake and Ji-Ji Earthquake, and simulating results show the real failure mode of pipes is revealed; 5Effects of overlying soil and soft/hard interlayers are analyzed on ground rupture mode and degree due to earthquake fault, and some earthquake rupture phenomena in soil layers are theoretically described for the first time; 6Pipeline response characters are discussed for the case of considering effects of soil layers on ground rupture mode; 7Research results and proposed method are applied in seismic analysis of pipline acrossing fault in the Gas Tansportation Project from West to East in China.

主要工作和成果包括：1）分析了不同断层位错形式下地表破裂位错量与震级之间的经验关系，并基于集集地震近断层记录分析了断层两侧永久地面变形和地震动相对位移幅值之间的差别，为合理地考虑地震断层位错地面变形动态影响提供了依据；2）发展了断层位错地面大变形下管线反应分析模型并给出物理概念明确、简单实用的解析分析方法；3）建立了断层位错下埋地管线反应分析的等效边界壳模型有限元方法，方法中引入了以非线性弹簧形式模拟离断层较远处管段影响的等效边界，简化了计算模型并突出了近断层处管体反应；4）利用等效边界壳模型方法，对土耳其地震和集集地震中大口径埋地管线震害进行了模拟，结果表明所提方法可以更清地解释震害所表现的管体破坏特征；5）研究了覆盖土层和软硬夹层的存在对断层位错地面破裂形式和程度的影响，首次从理论上解释了某些地震地表破裂现象；6）探讨了考虑土层对断层位错地面变形影响的管体反应特征；7）本项目成果已在西气东输工程的管道跨断层抗震问题分析中得到了应用。

After close observation for premonitory indications, the danger ares is narrowed down, and the approximate scale and time of accurrence determined.

在对预兆进行细心观察之后就把危险区缩小，并确定出地震发生的大概震级和时间。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。