零差的

By getting Lebesgue characteristic of integrable function of Riemann from the definition of gather zero measure, it discusses the relation between almost continuous everywhere and existent of limit, and gets that the almost continuous everywhere is equal to the almost limit existence everywhere in the integrable function of Riemann.

通过定义零测度集给出了可积函数的特征，讨论了其几乎处处连续与极限存在的关系，即可积函数中几乎处处连续与极限的几乎处处存在是等价的，得出了比正规函数更加广泛的统一条件，得出了有界变差函数是可积函数的结论。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

The quadrupolar ring's temperature field is studied numerically by finite difference method, its null drift is analyzed at given temperature circumitance.

通过有限差分法，对光纤环的Shupe效应作了研究，对四极子光纤环在非稳态传热的过程中的温度场进行数值求解，分析了光纤环在试验提供的温度环境下的温度零漂。

This approach is base on the following idea:under not effect to the deformation of rectangular pipe,to change right angle to obtuse angle which is variant as some regular,make plain-barreled roll pass receive vertical roll shape pipe blank,and then let pipe blank entering into vertical roll pass.With continuous deformation, the difference between diagonal line of rhombus pass will be reduced to zero,finally changed into a square.

该方法的基本思路是：在不影响方矩形管变形的前提下，通过将孔型顶角由直角改为按一定规律变化的钝角，让呈卧菱形状的平辊孔型接纳呈立菱形状的管坯，接着让卧菱形状的管坯进入立菱形状的立辊孔型，随着变形的继续，逐渐缩小菱形孔型对角线之差直至为零，成为正方形。

It is pointed out that the error of indication E0 for the calibrated test length which are measured when the offset length between the ram axis and the stylus tip is zero shall neither exceed the maximum permissible error MPEE0 nor exceed 1/3 of the probe error,that the repeatability of E0 shall neither exceed the maximum permissible error MPE Rnor exceed the repeatability error of the probe,and that if the measuring data is rejected in acceptance and reverification,measurement must be carried at least 5 times at the same position for reducing the possibility of misjudgement.

提出探测轴探针针头零偏置长度的校准测试长度的示值误差E0应不超过最大允许校准测试长度的示值误差MPEE0，且不应超过测头误差的1/3；E0的重复性误差R不应超过最大允许重复性误差MPER，且不应超过测头的重复性误差。建议验收校准测量数据超差剔除后，必须在相应位置重复测量5次以上，以减小误判的可能性。

And the solutions of the three problems above are discussed:The solution to the simulcast interfering which is caused by the simulcast delay spread and the zero-beating is given in chapter four.Based on the well understanding of the principle of MS-I/H/0 in IPNP, the examples are given in chapter five on how to solve the problem of communication interruption between paging zones.Through the analyse of signal switching between Chengdu and Deyang, the synchronization error between FLEX frames, and the bug in the multi-frequency roaming principle are pointed out. And solutions are also recommended.

通过以上分析，文章探讨了对上述三个问题的解决：·对同播干扰问题，分别分析了时延差和零拍频所造成同播干扰的客观存在，探讨了系统设计和网络优化的基本方法；·对IPNP联网障碍，提出了在掌握IPNP对各PNCC作为输入局／归属局╱输出局的灵活定义、以及相关参数配置原理的基础上，分析联网障碍的思路；·对信号切换障碍，以成都和德阳两地的局部广域覆盖为例，分析了FLEX帧失步和FLEX多频漫游原理设计缺陷的客观存在，并探讨了相关的解决方法和建议。

In the new method for two-dimensional problems the line integrals onboundary elements are converted into the evaluation of potentialfunctions at the ends of these elements.For three-dimensional cases,thesurface integrals on the usual boundary elements are transformed,through an application of Stokes'theorem,into line integrals on thebounding contours of these elements.

边界轮廓法是刚刚出现的一种新型的边界元法，该方法的核心是利用边界积分方程被积函数散度为零的特性，对二维问题，原积分方程中沿边界单元的线积分被化为单元两端点势函数之差计算，对三维问题，将边界单元上的面积分转变为沿单元轮廓的线积分，它是一种十分简便有效的边界元新技术。

Because the subtraction processes is adopted,the system can get over the noise and outside disturb signals effectively;and pass-zero processing method can get over the effect of optics facular intensity changes.

由于测量装置采用了象限相减的差动信号处理方式，可以有效克服噪声的影响及外部干扰信号的影响；信号处理过程中采用的过零检测处理方法，有助于克服光斑强度的变化对测量结果的影响。

By way of parenthesis, In One-Point Input Method the relation is studied between the response and the correlative coefficient of horizontal and vertical earthquake wave.

提出了基于动剪应力极值的土体损伤值计算方法。以往计算土体在不规则的动剪应力作用下的损伤值根据的是动剪应力的峰值，在时域内多点输入分析中，由于差动力的的存在，使得时程后段动剪应力不穿零而在一侧做幅度不大的波动，基于峰值的损伤值计算特别过高地估计了这段剪应力的破坏作用，过高的程度还随延时增加而增加。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷