雌核发育

Zebrafish, androgenesis, female nucleus inactivation, UV, delayed fertilization

斑马鱼；雄核发育；雌核灭活；紫外线；延迟受精

The genetic inactivation of eggs is the first key stage of androgenesis in fish. In order to observe the effect of UV irradiation for the inactivation of female nucleus of zebrafish the eggs were irradiated by UV with solution-free, pure water, Ringer's solution and Cortland solution. The results showed that abnormal fry were obtained in all groups and haploids were validated. But irradiation with solution was confirmed it could not inactive fully female nucleus and the fertilization rate of the eggs irradiated with pure water was very low.

雌核灭活是雄核发育的第一个关键步骤，为研究紫外线对斑马鱼卵的雌核灭活效果，将斑马鱼的卵采用干法或置于纯水、Ringer氏溶液和Cortland鱼用生理盐水进行紫外线照射，结果表明，各种方法中均得到畸形鱼苗，并经染色体检查大多为单倍体；四种方法中在Cortland鱼用生理盐水中灭活效果最好，120 mJ/cm2紫外线可以使雌核完全灭活；干法处理不能达到雌核完全灭活的目的，在纯水中灭活后的卵子受精率较低。

Observing the mature embryo sac of the mutant: It was found thatthe embyo sac appeared in typical polygonum type and more than 90% of the embryo sac hadintegral inner structure. They had egg apparatus, two polar nucleus and three antipodal cells , and their position in the embryonic sac was normal .

幼穗分化、成熟胚囊观察发现，90％以上的胚囊具有完整的内部结构，有卵器、两个极核及多个反足细胞，且位置正常，胚囊呈现典型的蓼型结构；同时还观察到雌、雄器官的发育是同步的。

The porine is the polyembryony animal, many obtains the ovocyte from the porine ovary although but the maturity quite to be low; Because the ROSI technology is does not have to grow the mature sole round sperm cell to pour into directly completely in the ovicell nature, jumped over the spermatozoon in to pass through the physiology and the biochemistry, if the ovicell nature mature or the activation degree were insufficient, added the round immature sperm cell maturity quite inferior reason, very possibly Causes the ROSI micro fertilization defeat.

猪是多胎动物，从猪卵巢上获得的卵母细胞数量虽然较多，但成熟度比较低；由于ROSI技术是将没有完全发育成熟的单一圆形精细胞直接注入卵胞质内，跳越了精子在穿过透明带和卵质膜等过程中所发生的生理和生化反应；如果卵胞质成熟或活化程度不够，加之圆形未成熟精细胞成熟度比较差等原因，很可能造成ROSI受精的卵母细胞内部激活因子蓄积减少和生成不足，引起精核解聚困难、精圆核不能形成、第二极体不能排出、卵母细胞孤雌发育率增加等，使ROSI显微受精失败。

The main research achievements on oogenesis and embryogenesis in mammals are described in this review,including the resumption of meiotic division;activation of MⅡ oocyte;development of parthenogenetic,gynogenetic,androgenetic and reconstituted embryos;and the genetic and reproductive potentials of chromosomes within the first and the second polar body.

本研究将论述哺乳动物卵子发生和胚胎发生的最新研究进展，包括：减数分列的启动， MⅡ期卵母细胞的激活，孤雌胚、雌核胚、雄核胚和重组胚的发育以及第一与第二极体染色体的遗传和生殖潜力。

The paper summarizes studies of in vitro inducement of haploids in cucurbitaceae, including anther culture, in vitro gynogenesis culture and induction of haploid obtained by irradiated pollen. The factors affectting in vitro inducement such as material genetype, medium, pretreatment, megaspores development stage and others had significant effects on the embryoids inductivities.

重点对葫芦科植物离体诱导单倍体的研究进行综述，包括花药培养、离体雌核培养、辐射花粉诱导单倍体培养等在育种中的应用，以及供体基因型、培养基、预处理方式、胚囊发育时期等因素对离体诱导再生频率的影响。

Three differential protein bands were revealed between the gynogenetic silver crucian carp and gonochoristic color crucian carp.

以雌核发育银鲫和两性生殖彩鲫的成熟卵为材料，分离卵壳，经处理得到卵壳可溶性蛋白组分。

This article conducts an optimum analysis of two technical treatments in the artificial female nucleus development of fish and makes the best selection of the techniques of irradiating time and irradiating conditions of sperms and the thermal shock of ovum chromosome redoublement so as to popularize and use the techniques in production.

本文对鱼类人工雌核发育中两个技术处理进行了优化分析；对精子的照射时间、照射条件和卵子染色体加倍的温度休克等技术进行了最佳选择。目的在于推广应用于生产。

Artificial female nucleus development of fish ; irradiate with ultraviolet ; induce chromosome redoublement ; thermal shock ; the best selection

鱼类人工雌核发育；紫外线照射；诱导染色体加倍；温度休克；最佳选择

The effect of food concentration on characteristics in life history of Brachionus urceus, such as the duration of principal development stage, net reproductive rate and mixis rate in all the offspring, was studied by the method of clonal culture.

方法］采用单个体培养法，研究了不同浓度的蛋白核小球藻对壶状臂尾轮虫主要发育阶段历时、净生殖率以及全部后代的混交雌体百分率等生活史特征的影响。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。