雌核

The genetic inactivation of eggs is the first key stage of androgenesis in fish. In order to observe the effect of UV irradiation for the inactivation of female nucleus of zebrafish the eggs were irradiated by UV with solution-free, pure water, Ringer's solution and Cortland solution. The results showed that abnormal fry were obtained in all groups and haploids were validated. But irradiation with solution was confirmed it could not inactive fully female nucleus and the fertilization rate of the eggs irradiated with pure water was very low.

雌核灭活是雄核发育的第一个关键步骤，为研究紫外线对斑马鱼卵的雌核灭活效果，将斑马鱼的卵采用干法或置于纯水、Ringer氏溶液和Cortland鱼用生理盐水进行紫外线照射，结果表明，各种方法中均得到畸形鱼苗，并经染色体检查大多为单倍体；四种方法中在Cortland鱼用生理盐水中灭活效果最好，120 mJ/cm2紫外线可以使雌核完全灭活；干法处理不能达到雌核完全灭活的目的，在纯水中灭活后的卵子受精率较低。

Part one: Previous results indicated that the abnormal development of haploid goldfish embryos is due to the expression obstruction of some proteins, which are correlative with eyes development, nerve development, development regulation, cell differentiation and maintenance, arthromere formation and signal transduction.

第一部分金鱼雌核发育过程中胚胎蛋白质组比较研究前期已发表的工作表明在金鱼雌核发育眼睛形成期(受精后26个小时)单倍体上一些与眼睛发育、神经发育、发育调控等相关的重要蛋白质未能被选择表达或表达受阻，从而导致单倍体发育畸形。

The results indicated, that the curves of hatching rate and normal diploid larva output showed a single peak, with the highest point at 3.4 τ0, corresponding to metaphase of the first mitotic division, the results were obtained irrespective of the different pre-treatment water temperatures, thus confirming the veracity of measuring heat-shock timing by τ0 and the wild applicability of this method in cyprinid and also suggesting a new way to the operations of induced gynogenesis in related fish.

结果提示了以τ0单位度量热休克处理时机的准确性以及该优化方法在鲤科鱼类雌核诱导操作中的通用性，从而为相关鱼类的雌核发育操作提供了有价值的资料。

F〓 of transgenic allotetraploid fish containing"all-fish"transgene——pCAgcGHc was obtained respectively by inbreeding and gynogenesis. Positive rate of pCAgcGHc detected by PCR was 90％ in F〓 of transgenic allotetraploid fish produced by inbreeding, while most F〓 of transgenic allotetraploid fish produced by gynogenesis showed diploidy measured by flow cytometer. The results above imply that developing the pure line of transgenic allotetraploid fish through inbreeding is feasible, but the operation should be modified if gynogenesis is introduced.

采用近交和雌核发育方法培育出转pCAgcGHc基因异源四倍体鲫鲤F〓代，通过PCR检测，外源基因pCAgcGHc在近交转pCAgcGHc基因异源四倍体鲫鲤F〓中的整合率为90％，而流式细胞技术检测雌核发育转pCAgcGHc基因异源四倍体鲫鲤F〓的倍性多为二倍体，说明通过近交筛选转基因异源四倍体鲫鲤纯系的方法是可行的，但是通过雌核发育来筛选转基因异源四倍体鲫鲤纯系还要就方法上进一步的改进。

It was the first time that physiological and biochemical changes during earlystage of gynogenesis were investigated.

明确了黄瓜离体雌核发育的细胞和形态学过程，发现雌核发育在培养的前6天即已启动和决定。

The major way of all-female breeding is to combine artificial gynogenesis with sex reversal, in which the key technique is the identification between gynogenesis fish and hybrid individuals.

人工诱导雌核发育与性逆转相结合是全雌鲤鱼育种的主要途径，其中雌核发育鱼与杂交鱼的鉴别是该途径的关键技术。

And the dipoid gynogenesis induction rates of the homologous sperm and the heterogenous sperm were 32.66%±7.03% and 28.00%±6.48%, respectively.

采用形态学、流式细胞仪DNA含量分析和微卫星标记技术对雌核发育鱼苗进行了分析，证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体。

Those DNA bands expressed in female parent but not in male parent also expressed in gynogenesis filial; DNA bands expressed in male parent but not in female parent didn抰 express in gynonensis, while normally expressed in dcploid control fish.

证明牙鲫雌核发育子代的遗传物质来自母本，雌核发育诱导使用的精子经过紫外线灭活后，遗传物质己被破坏，其携带的遗传信息没有传给子代，在DNA水平证明了雌核发育诱导方法和结果的可靠性。

On the basis of this system andpreviously morphological, physiological and biochemical studies on cucumber in vitrogynogenesis. Materials from both typical gynogenesis using M99 as induction medium andnon gynogenesis using W5 as induction medium were collected. The activities anddistribution of peroxidase and its isoenzymes, content of soluble protein and distribution of allprotein during early stage of cucumber in vitro gynogenesis and non gynogenesis wereinvestigated by biochemistry and histochemistry technology.

本试验在前期有关离体黄瓜雌核发育形态学和生理生化研究的基础上，以诱导离体雌核发育的 M99 培养基上和非雌核发育的 W5 培养基上培养的黄瓜未受精子房为试材，采用生物化学技术和组织化学技术，深入研究了离体雌核发育早期外植体内的标志酶——过氧化物酶及其同工酶的活性及分布的变化、可溶性蛋白质的含量和总蛋白质分布的变化及核酸和多糖分布的变化，为揭示离体雌核发育早期的细胞分化机制提供科学依据。

Nuclear changes in gynogenetic eggs of the scallop were examined under a fluorescence microscope during meiosis and fertilization, indicating that UV-irradiated sperm nucleus did not participate in the karyokinesis at anaphase of the first cleavage.

运用荧光显微镜观察探讨了栉孔扇贝雌核发育卵子在受精和成熟分裂过程中的核相变化，发现UV照射精核不参与核分裂，首次提供了栉孔扇贝雌核发育的细胞学证据。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失