雌性

Behavioral phenomena quantified by genetic markers in various species include patterns of multiple mating by both sexes; frequent cuckoldry by males and rare cuckoldry by females in nest-tending species; additional routes to surrogate parentage via nest piracy and egg-thievery; egg mimicry by nest-tending males; brood parasitism by helper males in cooperative breeders; clutch mixing in oral brooders; kinship in schooling fry of broadcast spawners; sperm storage by dams in female-pregnant species; and sex-role reversal, polyandry, and strong sexual selection on females in some male-pregnant species.

通过遗传标记测量不同种的行为现象涉及两性间的多种交配现象：趋穴型种类中雄性与多个雌性私通而雌性则较少交配；通过侵略巢穴和偷窃卵的行为进行偷梁换柱；通过趋穴型雄性鱼类进行卵的模拟；通过共同繁殖型中的雄性进行寄生抚育；通过混合在口孵育型鱼类的幼体间；广播种型产卵者鱼苗的亲缘关系；怀卵孵化型鱼类的精子储存；以及性逆转，一妻多夫，雄性怀卵抚育型种类雌性的强烈性选择。

Behaioral phenomena quantified by genetic markers in arious species include patterns of multiple mating by both sexes; frequent cuckoldry by males and rare cuckoldry by females in nest-tending species; additional routes to surrogate parentage ia nest piracy and egg-thieery; egg mimicry by nest-tending males; brood parasitism by helper males in cooperatie breeders; clutch mixing in oral brooders; kinship in schooling fry of broadcast spawners; sperm storage by dams in female-pregnant species; and sex-role reersal, polyandry, and strong sexual selection on females in some male-pregnant species.

通过遗传标记测量不同种的行为现象涉及两性间的多种交配现象：趋穴型种类中雄性与多个雌性私通而雌性则较少交配；通过侵略巢穴和偷窃卵的行为进行偷梁换柱；通过趋穴型雄性鱼类进行卵的模拟；通过共同繁殖型中的雄性进行寄生抚育；通过混合在口孵育型鱼类的幼体间；广播种型产卵者鱼苗的亲缘关系；怀卵孵化型鱼类的精子储存；以及性逆转，一妻多夫，雄性怀卵抚育型种类雌性的强烈性选择。

While mammals are characterized by male heterogamety 〔XX female, XY male〕, birds are characterized by female heterogamety〔ZZ male, ZW female〕.

哺乳类的特征是雄性异配子，即XX核型为雌性，XY核型为雄性。而鸟类的特征是雌性异配子，即ZZ核型为雄性，ZW核型为雌性。

The intersexual aggression of male was significantly higher than the intersexual aggression of female and the intrasexual aggression of male. There was significant difference about male's aggression between two groups; but for female, there was no significant difference. The combat occurred intensely when two females met whether in male vs female or female vs female, but were both higher than the intrasexual aggression of male. With the increasing of meeting time, the male and female in female vs female decreased their aggression; the female in female vs male kept its aggression in high level. The component of aggression was resembled to the exhibition of aggression in every group.

同性个体间雄性动物的攻击水平显著高于同性个体间雌性动物的攻击水平和异性个体间雄性动物的攻击水平；同性个体间雌性动物的攻击水平和异性个体间雌性动物的攻击水平没有差异，但两者均高于异性个体间雄性动物的攻击水平；雄性动物和雌雌组中雌性动物的攻击行为均随着熟悉程度的增加而减弱；雌雄组中雌性动物的攻击行为在各时间段的差异不大。

Three methods for establishment of female lines from pistillate plants in castor(Ricinus communis L.)were compared in this report :Staminate flowers are induced by high daily temperature in NES-pistillate p lant.

比较了三种由雌性单株建立蓖麻雌性系方法：(1)利用环境高温处理NES型雌性单株诱导雄花建立雌性系，是比较成熟的方法，但对日均温要求较高。

Using the Hprt gene as a positive control, our result suggested that both the testis tissue and the male embryos from which Sry transcription can be detected failed to yield any positive results of Xist. Female embryos at the pronucleus stage and 2-cell failed to produce any positive result of Sry and Xist too.

然后利用实验一确定的PCR条件，以Hprt为阳性对照，用巢式RT-PCR对小鼠早期胚胎进行Xist基因的转录分析，结果发现，转录Sry基因的睾丸组织以及雄性胚胎，从受精卵发育到囊胚的过程中，基本上不转录Xist基因；不转录Sry基因的雌性卵母细胞和雌性胚胎，从出现原核开始，到发育至2-细胞期的过程中，Xist基因一直不转录，但是，从4-细胞期开始，一直到孵化前囊胚阶段，雌性胚胎都转录Xist基因。

To further experiment with how learning and development of memories affected sleep, Ganguly-Fitzgerald and her colleagues trained male fruit flies to not court females, by tricking them with unreceptive "females," who were really males generating an aphrodisiac female scent.

为进一步研究学习和记忆发展如何影响睡眠，Ganguly-Fitzgerald和她的同事们通过假的"雌性"来戏弄雄性果蝇，训练它们不向雌性果蝇求爱，这些"雌性"实际上是产生雌性性激素气味的雄性果蝇。

Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Lanzhou 730046, China）Abstract: With cDNA from salivary gland of semi-engorged adult female Boophilus microplus as tester and cDNA from starved adult female B.microplus as driver,a subtractive cDNA library of salivary gland of female B.microplus was constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization and T/A cloning.

以我国微小牛蜱半饱血雌性成蜱唾液腺cDNA为检测子Tester，饥饿雌性成蜱cDNA为驱动子，采用抑制消减杂交技术和T/A克隆技术构建了微小牛蜱半饱血雌性成蜱唾液腺消减cDNA文库。

These results suggest that:(1) kin recognition is primary mechanism of inbreeding avoidance in estrus female root voles;(2) memory of a siblings scent may be a mechanism of sibling recognition by estrus females, and familiarity after weaning can reinforce permanence of this memory;(3) post coital familiarity may be a mechanism of maintaining inbreeding avoidance in female root voles.

故认为：断奶后嗅觉识别持久力是发情雌性根田鼠亲属识别的机制，亲属识别是最初发情的雌性根田鼠配偶选择中近交回避的首要途径和机制，熟悉性是维持雌性根田鼠配偶选择实现近交回避的机制和特征。

Scorpion males save themselves by stinging their partners into submission, mantises wait until a female has fed to approach her and spiders actually bring an offering of food in the hope that they themselves will not be the main course.

比如，蝎子的最大敌人竟然是自己，超过一半的雄性沙漠蝎子都是死于交配完成之后的雌性配偶。不过，雄性蝎子自有策略，在与雌性发生性交配前会蛰一下雌性，让雌性完全屈服，以避免雌性交配完成后将其完全吞食。而雄性蜘蛛为了避免不被雌性吞食，它们会用爪子紧紧抓住雌性蜘蛛的下颚，或者为雌性带来了一些食物，从而转移雌性的注意力。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。