集权

At the same time, government experienced the rise of bureaucratization and the administrative state. Nowhere was this done more brutally than in the

与此同时，虽然不如中世纪的集权国家那样野蛮，我们的政府还是在变得越来越集权化和官僚化。

At the same time, government experienced the rise of bureaucratization and the administrative state. Nowhere was this done more brutally than in the totalitarian states of mid-century.

与此同时，虽然不如中世纪的集权国家那样野蛮，我们的政府还是在变得越来越集权化和官僚化。

Different systems can produce similar results: anti-statist America has roughly the same proportion of children in kindergartens as statist Finland.

不同的制度可以产生相似的结果：反集权的美国和集权的法国在幼儿园里有着差不多比例的小孩。

It is no accident that the twentieth century should be the century of highly centralized governments and totalitarian dictatorships

20世纪应当是高度集权的政府的世纪，是集权主义专政的世纪，这决非偶然的事情

In ancient China, general low salaries were a cause for the corruption of ancient officials, while the growing size of administrative staff as a result of the unitarianism system prohibited the possibility of high official salaries.

从历代官员的俸禄状况看，古代官员的普遍低薪是导致的腐败原因之一，而集权制度本身导致的官僚队伍的膨胀则使其高薪成为不可能。同时，集权体制又为官僚腐败提供了寻租空间。

Today the autocrats pursue foreign policies aimed at making the world safe, if not for all autocracies, then at least for their own.

今天，集权政体制订外交政策时，如果不是为保护集权制度考虑，至少也是出于自身安全考虑。

For three centuries, international law, with its strictures against interference in the internal affairs of nations, has tended to protect autocracies.

这成了民主国家和集权国家之间最大的分野。三个世纪以来，国际法一向不容许对别国内政的干涉，现在看来这成了对集权政权的保护伞。

These theories respectively are the governing theory, liability-control theory and trust-deputize theory. The reason why we choose these theory to analyses the problem of incorruptible style supervision system construction of China customs is that the China customs, in theory, ignored the governing of bureaucracy, incompatible the liability-control, and the problem of asymmetry information. Because of the problem of concerning above, in reality, China customs should be appear the problem like feebleness of power of uprightness lead, weakness of superior supervision, catabolizing of polity power, the emptiness of same grade supervision, and failure of incorruptible supervision.

本文认为从这些理论视角出发，我国海关在理论上正是由于不重视科层之间的治理，责任控制无法相互对应，和委托代理产生的信息不对称的问题，而在实践中必然出现现行廉政监督机制的制度缺陷：垂直领导体制下的集权弱化，上级监督&虚监&问题；监督组织政治权威的异化，同级监督&弱监&问题；基层单位高度集权体制下的监督虚化，内部监督&漏监&问题；惩罚失当使腐败收益上升成本降低，廉政监督&失灵&问题等四个方面的弊端。

However, with the development of autocratic monarchy in Han plitical power, the growing conflicts between the Daoist political concept of governing by noninterference and autocratic monarchy lead to failure of the Daoist school in achieving its historical mission of deifying monarchical power.

但是，随着汉政权君主专制集权的发展，道家&无为而治&的政治理念与君主专制集权的发展表现出诸多不适应性，表现出与君主专制集权的目的和方向、君主集天下权力于一身的个人特征相矛盾。最终，道家没有完成君权神化的历史使命，走下了政治舞台的中心。

In the period of planned economy, China practiced a highly centralized planned management system, corresponding to which was a highly politicized administrative management system.

在中国的计划经济体制时期，实行的是高度集权的计划管理体制，与这种高度集权的计划管理体制相配套的，是一种高度政治化的行政管理体制。

I will endeavour to find you some assistance.

我尽力帮你找人帮忙。

At first I only know bruck is the idol of American younglings, afterwards I returned back to Taiwan ,even in Beijing last year ,I saw her poster everywhere, I was so surprised at her charm.

起初我只晓得布鲁克雷德丝是美国少男少女崇拜的偶像，后来回台湾，甚至去年在北京，居然也四处看见她的海报，才惊讶她的魅力之大。