集合的

Based on an analysis of the internal relation between binary and sets ,a novel idea of binary-based set operation is presented in this paper.

通过比较二进制与集合之间的内在联系，提出了基于二进制的集合运算思想，给出了基于二进制的各种集合运算算法，该算法有效解决了传统集合操作算法中运算速度慢，效率低的不足，并提供了求幂集，交集，并集等集合运算算法的c语言源程序。

Through the analysis of the second power Cartesian product of natural number set N——N×N and the thirdpower Cartesian product of natural number set N——N×N×N,obtains the conclusion that they all have the bijective relation to natural number set N,it means that the set N×N and the set N×N×N are all countably infinite.

通过对自然数集合N的二次笛卡尔积运算———N×N和三次笛卡尔积运算———N×N×N的详细分析，得出了它们与自然数集合N之间都存在双射关系结论，即集合N×N和集合N×N×N都是可数无穷的。

1Niche construction can lead to stable coexistence of diverse genotypes in spatially structured population, which supports a stable polymorphism even without heterozygote superiority.(2)With habitat deterioration, niche construction accelerates the formation of steady polymorphism and hence impedes the harmful influences of environment on the population, which might embody a life-history strategy of organism under the unfavorable environment.(3)Niche construction results in the coexistence with alternative polymorphism through genotype-environment feedback and limited gene flow.(4)The niche-constructing organism is an active force to alter its environment and hence the direction of natural selection in order to better survival.(5)Spatial dynamics and distribution pattern of metapopulation are profoundly influenced by time-lagged niche construction.(6)Metapopulation size can reach a fixed level in the recency effect and equal weighting of time lag but is statistical stability in primacy effect, which implies the primacy effect is most remarkable.(7)The increment in the relative weightingof each generation\' niche construction and the length of time lag are significant factors for system destabilization.(8)Moderate capacity of positive niche construction benefits the metapopulation persistence.(9)The narrowing of niche breadth can decrease the metapopulation size and thereby increase the extinction risk.(10)The coupled function of time lag and niche construction make the system oscillation and generate the spiral wave, spiral-broken and circular wave in heterogeneous habitat.The spatial distributions of metapopulation and resource content are complementary due to a phase lag of their both frequencies.(12)Metapopulation persistence with niche construction depends not only on the balance between colonization and extinction, but also on the balance between the ability of niche construction and natural dissipation of habitat.(13)Metapopula-tion can survive under certain condition when the percent of suitable patches in habitat is lower than the ration of extinction to colonization.(14)Two thresholds exist in the process of transition of habitat quality dynamics from unsuitable to suitable, which include the intensity of niche construction and the initial condition of system.(15)Metapopulation size is positive correlated with the ability of positive niche construction, which means that organism or population who has strongly positive influences on their environment plays an important role to maintain the available habitat.

通过上述几个方面的研究，主要得出以下15条结论：(1)生态位构建可使空间结构种群，甚至是在没有杂合子优势的条件下，形成多种可能的稳定基因型分布模式；(2)随着环境的破坏与恶化，种群的生态位构建作用加速其较早形成稳定多态以阻碍环境对种群的不利影响，解释了有机体在不利环境下的一种生活史对策；(3)生态位构建作用通过基因型—环境反馈机制及有限的基因交流导致基因型多态的稳定共存；(4)有机体的生态位构建作用是一种积极的动力改变环境进而改变其自然选择的方向；(5)生态位构建的时滞作用对集合种群动态和空间分布产生深刻影响；(6)集合种群大小在时滞的崭新效应和等权重效应下达到一固定值，而在首位效应下达到统计稳定，表明首位效应的影响最显著；(7)首位效应下生态位构建相对权重的增量和时滞的长度是影响系统不稳定性动态的关键因素；(8)适中的生态位构建强度有利于集合种群的续存；(9)生态位宽度变窄会减少集合种群的数量从而增加其灭绝风险；(10)时滞和生态位构建的双重作用使系统产生周期振荡，并在异质性环境中产生稳定的螺旋波，破碎的螺旋波和环形波三种分布模式；(11)集合种群与资源含量的空间分布因为相滞而互补；(12)具有生态位构建的集合种群续存不仅取决于侵占率与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且依赖于生态位构建能力同其生境的自然消耗速率之间的妥协；(13)当生境中适合侵占的斑块比例小于其侵占率与灭绝率之比时，生态位构建作用促使集合种群在一定条件下续存：(14)生境斑块的状态从不适合到适合转变过程中存在生态位构建强度和系统初始条件这两个阈值；(15)集合种群的大小同正生态位构建能力正相关，意味着对环境具有较强正作用的有机体对维持有效生境起积极作用。

Firstly a formal syntactic of UML statechart diagrams was given and a series of auxiliary functions to describe the structure features of UML statechart diagrams were presented in which target determinator and source restriction were used to describe the inter-level transitions and open events and close events were used to describe the communication among UML statechart diagrams.

首先给出了UML状态图的形式化语法定义，其中用状态集合、转移集合、事件集合、条件集合、活动集合、对象集合和变量集合，定义了一系列辅助函数描述UML状态图特征，用确定目标状态和受限源状态表示层次关系，用开放事件和封闭事件表示对象之间的消息。

Topics covered include: programming and computability theory based on a term-rewriting,"substitution" model of computation by Scheme programs with side-effects; computation as algebraic manipulation: Scheme evaluation as algebraic manipulation and term rewriting theory; paradoxes from self-application and introduction to formal programming semantics; undecidability of the Halting Problem for Scheme; properties of recursively enumerable sets, leading to Incompleteness Theorems for Scheme equivalences; logic for program specification and verification; and Hilbert's Tenth Problem.

其所包含的主题：程序和运算理论是基于根据算数和具有一些副作用的计划纲要的条款重写和"代入"模式之上的、关于代数学计算的算数：关于代数学计算和术语重写理论的评价方案作计划、应用程序自己和说明的自相矛盾到形式上的程序语义、关于计划Halting 问题的不可判定性、可递归可列举集合的属性、导致对于等同计划的不完整规则、对于逻辑和证明程序的规范和Hilbert的第十问题。

In this paper, the main findings are a total of 11 full function integrated words, including two first order full-function sets of connectives, seven second order full function sets of connectives and two third order full-function sets of connectives.

得到的主要结果是：全功能联结词集合一共11个，其中，一阶全功能联结词集合2个，二阶全功能联结词集合7个；三阶全功能联结词集合2个；没有四阶及四阶以上的全功能联结词集合。

In chapter 4 , with S-KKM mapping , a new Ky Fan\'s minimax inequality is proved , the locally convex H-space with uniform structure is introduced , s-HKKM mapping is defined as the generalization of KKM mapping, with the H-convexity of Hausdorff locally convex H-space , a new fixed point theorem for the compact andclosed mapping belonging to the class s-HKKM is established ;with local intersection property of muti-function ,K-H-quasi-convexity of mapping , connectedness of set and condensing correspondences, some new vector quasi-variational inequalities are established , respectively .

第四章利用S-KKM映射，建立了新的Ky Fan极小极大不等式；定义了带有一致结构的局部凸H-空间，利用Hausdorff局部凸H-空间的H-凸性，对于属于s-HKKM中紧的闭映射建立了新的不动点定理，利用对应的局部交性质、映射的K-拟-凸性、集合的连通性以及φ-condensing对应分别建立了相应的拟向量变分不等式。

The symmetric difference update operation returns a set whose members are either elements of the original or other set but not both.

对称差分更新操作返回一个集合，该集合中的成员仅是原集合或仅是另一集合中元素中的成员。

The outputs from the ensemble simulation are analyzed using the three basic interpretational methods commonly used in the ensemble forecast; the consequence is that it is practicable to introduce ensemble technique in regional climate study. Th...

以集合预报的 3种基本释用方法，对集合模拟产生的大量输出结果作了细致的分析，发现在区域气候模拟中，引入物理集合是可行的；它为区域气候数值研究提供了更多的手段和信息；集合系统存在的不足之处在于：集合成员间离散程度不足、集合模拟范围较狭窄，这使得离差对误差的实际预报能力低于潜在预报能力，也使集合概率预报的精度降低。

To make a comprehensive view of metapopulation researches, we folly analyze and summarize the present concepts, theories and models of metapopulation in this paper, which primarily includes the dynamical models and simulation approaches of single and competitive metapopulations. Based on the Levin's patch occupant model, the center framework of metapopulation researches, primary principles and mechanisms are discussed. First, Levins rule: the fraction of empty patch will remain constant with habitat destruction as long as metapopulation survives. This rule implies that empty patches have determinant effects on persistence and conservation. Second. Allee effect of metapopulation is incurred by establishing difficulties and dispersal costs, which is important to the studies of reserve area and the minimum available metapopulation size. Third, we analyze the rescue effect that immigrants can reduce the extinction risk of the presented local population. Rescue effect can leads to the improvement of metapopulation sustainability and the decrease of fraction of empty patches. Fourth, the coexistence mechanism of two competing metapopulation is discussed, which suggests that competition-colonization trade off may be prevalent in competing systems. Finally, extinction debt ob tamed from coexistence mechanism is given, which depicts the lost of species richness in the future for the current habitat destruction. After theoretical discussion, we present two popular simulated approaches in metapopulations: probability transition model and stochastic process model.

为了能总观集合种群进展的全局并开展进一步的工作，首先对集合种群的已有概念、理论和模型做了全面的分析和总结；其次对集合种群的发展和概念进行了探讨，以集合种群模型的中心框架：Levins的斑块占据模型为基础，展开对其它原理、效应和机制的探讨；主要包括了Levins原理，即当生境进到破坏时，空斑块比例在集合种群灭绝前保持不变，然后还分析了Allee效应（集合种群的Allee效应主要是由于建群困难和扩散损失造成的）；第三，分析了援救效应：迁人个体可以降低斑块中现有局域种群的灭绝风险，援救效应会增强集合种群的生存力，使空斑块比例下降第四，探讨了两竞争集合种群的共存机制，即竞争－侵占妥协，其共存机制为空间生境中物种共存提供了有力的理论解释。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷