集体化

Adding them all up, somewhere between 167 million and 175 million individual human beings were deliberately extinguished through politically motivated carnage -- the scores of millions of soldiers and civilians killed in the century's wars, the further scores of millions killed in concentration camps, gulags, forced collectivization, ethnic transplantings, and killing fields decreed by self-deified dictators.

据统计，本世纪全球有约167， 000， 000到175， 000， 000人死于政变促发的屠杀。历次战争中，士兵和平民的死亡人数有数千万之巨。剩下的或死于集中营、劳改营、杀人场，或受迫集体化、民族移民。这一切都是那些自诩为神的独裁者造成的。

Chapter 2 analyzes the traditional self-farming and farming-employed farming methods of the two main features; Chapter 3 is that about when the employer has been artificially cultivated after the elimination, only the self-farming; Chapter 4 is the traditional family smallholder farming production period on the way; Chapter 5 is a special historical period, the period of economic collectivization, In this paper, the period of collective farming as a total cultivated; Chapter 6 is still in accordance with the time and context with it. When the collective total cultivated end, after the family returned to farming, only this time, in family farming with the traditional small family farming periods vary. Chapter 7 is about modern machinery which widely practiced in another way when a new concept of farming and farming methods.

第二章主要分析的是传统社会自耕和雇耕两种耕作方式的主要特点；第三章介绍的是当雇耕被人为的消灭之后，只剩下自耕时的情况；第四章则是到了传统的家庭小农生产时期的耕作方式的介绍；第五章是一个特殊的历史时期，即集体化的经济时期，本文将这个时期的耕作方式称之为集体共耕；第六章仍旧是依照时间脉络顺之而下，当集体共耕结束后，重又回归到家庭耕作的方式，只是这时候的家庭耕作又与传统的小农家庭耕作时期有所不同；到第七章则是现代化机器广泛实行时的又一种全新的耕作理念和耕作方式。

Intended to transform China's economy, the policy called for rapid industrialisation and the mass collectivisation of farmers.

为了改变中国经济，该项政策号召快速工业化和广大农民的集体化。

That moment was one of respite and relief squeezed between brutal collectivisation and the beginning of the great terror.

那个时期正是剧烈的集体化和大恐怖开端之间修养生息的时期。1935年，斯大林发表声明说：&同志们，生活比过去好多了，变得越来越生机勃勃。&

But Communist land reform and collectivisation left the region in turmoil, and in 1959 the Dalai Lama led an uprising against Chinese rule, despite his initial support for the 1951 accord.

但是共产主义土地改革和集体化运动导致该地区处于混乱，在1959年达赖喇嘛领导了反抗中国统治的起义，尽管他一开始支持1951年的协议的。

This is especially true in the countryside, where the mass collectivisation during Mao's Great Leap Forward of half a century ago left farmland "collectively" owned.

在乡村地区这种情况更是显而易见。半个世纪前的毛泽东时期曾发生过一场大跃进运动，当时的大规模集体化运动使得土地变成了&集体&所共有的。

This is especially true in the countryside, where the mass collectivisation during Mao's Great Leap Forward of half a century ago left farmland "collectively" owned.

这一问题在农村更为突出。半个世纪前，在毛泽东的大跃进时期，集体化使农民&集体&拥有土地。

His five-year plans for the collectivisation of agriculture and industry were implemented with such brutality that millions were imprisoned or murdered.

他推行一个接一个农业、工业集体化五年计划，手段凶残，被监禁被谋杀者数以百万计。

This is especially true in the countryside, where the mass collectivisation during Mao's Great Leap Forward of half a century ago left farmland "collectively" owned.

这个问题在农村反映尤其明显，半个世纪以前，毛泽东的集体化让土地归集体所有，后来，农民被允许拥有土地使用权30年。

He was let out, but the memory of his interrogations (blinded with a bright lamp, wrists slammed in the door) and family stories of the famine caused by collectivisation in one of Russia's most fertile regions stayed with Mr Gorbachev for life.

虽然后来得到释放，他还是经常会向家人讲起在刺眼的强灯下经受审讯，遭受用门板夹手腕等刑罚的痛苦经历。长辈们也常常会谈及过去那些饥荒年代的往事。农村集体化运动在俄国最肥沃地区造成了这场饥荒。这些都给年幼戈尔巴乔夫留下了深深的印象，使他一生都难以忘却。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。