集体化

Land collectivization, of course, might change this liberty.

当然，土地集体化运动可能改变这种状况。

The research indicates that such change can be divided into two stages: collectivization period and the initial stage of social transformation to market.

研究表明：新中国农村社会保障制度的变迁可划分为集体化时期和市场转型初期两大阶段。

Based on the scientific research methods and clear scientific starting point, the paper puts forward the issue whether the Chinese country market under collectivization is developing.

本文遵循科学的研究方法，首先明确科学的研究起点，提出集体化下的中国农村市场是否在发展的问题。

Because Mao Zedong made the "left" mistakes on the direction thoughts in his late years, the settlement of Chinese peasants\' problems ran into the traps of collectivization and communization.

毛泽东晚年由于指导思想上"左"的错误，中国农民问题的解决陷入集体化、公社化的陷阱。

The conclusion is that the path of Nanjie's institutional change is the outcome of the coevolution, say, competition, constraints, enforcement and transformation between the state and market; the coevolution have three dimensions: benefit, legitimacy and ideology; the path and outcome of institutional change in the process of coevolution are shaped by both the dual process of modernization and marketization in China's social transformation and the path dependence and cultural lag in China's incremental reform strategy: on the one hand, as historical conditions, the proceeding and logic of China's modernization constraint the state and market's institutional choices; on the other hand, under the interplay between the path dependence and cultural lag, the interaction between the state and market can produce various complex combinations, therefore various institutional landscape, even "institutional paradox".

本文认为，高度政治化、高度集体化的南街村体制是国家与市场互动演化，即国家与市场之间相互竞争、制约、强化和改变的结果；国家与市场之间的互动演化有利益、合法性和意识形态等三个维度，而互动演化所造成的制度变迁轨迹和结果则同时受中国社会转型中的现代化进程和市场化进程，以及渐进式改革中的路径依赖和文化堕距的影响：一方面，现代化进程作为一种共同的历史条件制约着国家和市场各自在互动过程中的制度选择；另一方面，在路径依赖和文化堕距的交互作用下，国家与市场之间的互动会形成多种复杂的、犬牙交错的组合，从而塑造出千姿百态的制度景象甚至"悖论"。

In the literature of collectivization and purchase and sale together, Writers created many image of farmers with draggle thinking and demoralization.

在统购统销和集体化题材的作品中，出现了许多"思想落后"或道德败坏的刁民形象，被剥夺了话语权的农民受到了双重欺凌。

Because of dissatisfaction with the economic and political conditions (forced collectivization of agriculture, repression of private trade, supply gaps), an increasing number of people left the GDR.

由于对经济和政治的不满（强迫实行农业集体化，压抑私人交易，供求差距大），越来越多的人离开德意志民主主义共各国。

Amidst the chiliastic confusion of serial upheavals, one impassioned visionary,"Gracchus" Babeuf, proposed that the way to give substance to the slogan "liberty, equality, fraternity" was to collectivize all property.

在此连续剧变的信仰混乱时期，一个满怀激情的空想家，"格拉古"巴贝夫，提议通过财产集体化以赋予"自由、平等、友爱"的口号以实质内容。（注：Gracchus为传说中的古希腊的斯巴达城邦之改革家。

Industrialization, collectivization , First Five-Year Plan, the Shakhty trial, Magnitogorsk (i.e., Magnetic Mountain),"gigantomania," class liquidation,"Dizzy with Success,""revolution from above," Famine of 1932-33, internal passport,"red specialists," and subbotnik .

工业化，集体化，第一次五年计画， the Shakhty trial，马格尼土哥斯克（磁山，"gigantomania，"阶级清除，"令人晕眩的成就，""来自上层的革命，" 1932-1933年的饥馑，国内通行证，"红色专家，"和 subbotnik 。

The change of the rural governance in the part of the State's viewpoint, the change of economic and political institution in rural area , the adjustment of law relation among familial members , and the evolvement of the social structure all have impacts on the effectiveness of family support for the elderly and oldster's welfare.

本文以治理和善治为分析框架，在实证研究的基础上，通过对传统时期、集体化时期、后集体时期的乡村治理与老人福利变迁的历史考察和后集体时期不同区域类型的乡村治理与老人福利的差异比较，得出如下结论：(1)不同时期老人福利状况不同，并不是家庭养老模式发生了变化，而是家庭养老的制度基础发生了变化，其关键因素是支持农村社区组织控制社区经济和约束社区成员的国家意识形态、经济体制、政治制度、法律文化等方面发生了变化；(2)中国发展是不均衡的，后集体时期，我国治理农村的制度框架基本相同，都是乡政村治、分户经营，但不同的地区的老人福利也有很大的差异，其主要原因是不同区域类型的村庄有不同的社会结构，其老人的社会地位和不孝行为所受村庄公共舆论约束力不同；不同区域的乡村组织状况不同，其乡村干部保障老人福利的意愿和力度不同；(3)在现有的乡村治理模式中，选举老人特别是在村庄定居的退休干部担任村组干部，发展自治性的老年协会和开展经常性的、群体性的老年文体娱乐活动，可以提高老人福利、改善乡村治理。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新