集体

The capitalist and the corrupt officials collude with steal state-owned and the collective property mainly have " four big secret passages ": Transfers state-owned and the collective property right completely has not entered the market, the minority unlawful element seizes the opportunity the camera operation, receives the bribe, the underestimate sells cheap state-owned and the collective property; The state-owned property right management level from sells buys, even uses the illegal method to fictionalize empty increases the cost and the debt, shifts the hideaway property, embezzles state-owned and the collective property; Inside and outside some units colludes with, underestimated sells cheap the state asset; By expense and so on pre-buckle staff economical compensatory payment names pull down the property right transfer price, finally lets let only then free hold this part state-owned and the collective property.

资本家和贪官污吏勾结窃取国有和集体资产主要有"四大暗道"：转让国有和集体产权没有完全进入市场，少数不法分子乘机暗箱操作、收受贿赂、低估贱卖国有和集体资产；国有产权管理层自卖自买，甚至利用不法手段虚构虚增成本和债务，转移隐藏资产，侵吞国有和集体资产；一些单位内外勾结，低估贱卖国有资产；以预扣职工经济补偿金等费用的名义压低产权转让价格，最终让受让方无偿占有这部分国有和集体资产。

Transfers state-owned and the collective property right completely has not entered the market, the minority unlawful element seizes the opportunity the camera operation, receives the bribe, the underestimate sells cheap state-owned and the collective property; The state-owned property right management level from sells buys, even uses the illegal method to fictionalize empty increases the cost and the debt, shifts the hideaway property, embezzles state-owned and the collective property; Inside and outside some units colludes with, underestimated sells cheap the state asset; By expense and so on pre-buckle staff economical compensatory payment names pull down the property right transfer price, finally lets let only then free hold this part state-owned and the collective property.

资本家和贪官污吏勾结窃取国有和集体资产主要有"四大暗道"：转让国有和集体产权没有完全进入市场，少数不法分子乘机暗箱操作、收受贿赂、低估贱卖国有和集体资产；国有产权管理层自卖自买，甚至利用不法手段虚构虚增成本和债务，转移隐藏资产，侵吞国有和集体资产；一些单位内外勾结，低估贱卖国有资产；以预扣职工经济补偿金等费用的名义压低产权转让价格，最终让受让方无偿占有这部分国有和集体资产。

The cause of a serious of problems on rural is the rural collective proprietary right of land dosen't match the reality, and the deep cause of collective proprietary right of land fictitiousness is the basical contradictory of collective proprietary right of land-both peasant personal are land ower and are not land ower, that is to say, collective "subject" is fictitious.

农村出现一系列问题的根源在于农村集体土地所有权名不副实，而集体土地所有权虚拟的深层根源是集体土地所有权的基本矛盾―农民个人既是土地所有者又是非土地所有者，即集体"主体"虚拟。

It includes three conclusions. First, most undergraduates cherish Collectivism in China now. Second, there are nearly no relativities between the Collectivism and the individual characteristics of the undergraduates. Third, the relationships among the four factors are inerratic. Fourthly, the undergraduates'Collectivism has structures and arrangements. Besides, the complexity and the significance of the undergraduates'Collectivism are also illustrated. The incrementality and the emphases for the undergraduates to build up Collectivism are mentioned. As well, the specialty, the significance and the limitation of the study are included in this part.

第五部分，归纳本研究的结论；并依研究结论讨论和指出：转型期大多数大学生仍然坚持集体主义价值观；大学生的自然、社会特征与其集体观基本不相关；其集体观四要素的内在联系有一定的规律性；并阐明了大学生集体观对弘扬民族精神、发展社会主义市场经济的重要意义；指出大学生集体观的结构性与层次性；提出大学生树立科学集体观的渐进性及重点；说明了本研究的特点、意义与局限性。

No person shall bring a putative or certified class action to arbitration, nor seek to enforce any predispute arbitration agreement against any person who has initiated in court a putative class action; or who is a member of a putative class who has not opted out of the class with respect to any claims encompassed by the putative class action until: the class certification is denied; or the class is decertified; or the customer is excluded from the class by the court.

任何人均不得将一项可能被法院受理的或已被法院受理的集体诉讼提交仲裁，也不得针对已经向法院提出可能被受理的集体诉讼、且并未针对该集体诉讼所涉及的任何索偿选择退出该集团的人士强制执行任何纷争前的仲裁合约，除非出现下列三种情况：法院拒绝受理该集体诉讼；该集体诉讼的法院受理被取消；法院已将客户排除在该集体诉讼之外。

The results of research shows after executing the new Labor Contract Law, not only makes sure the setting procedure of the Collective Contract and emphasizes the efficacy of the Collective Contract and relationship with Labor Contract Law, but also firstly provides regulation for the regional and industrial Collective Contract and exclusively Collective Contract in Law. The regulation asserts and completes the Collective Contract system, and be more important consorting with relationship between employers and employees.

研究显示，新的劳动合同法实施后，不仅明确了集体合同的订立程序，强调集体合同的效力及其与劳动合同的关系，还首次在法律层面将区域性、行业性集体合同以及专项集体合同予以提出和规定，这对於集体合同制度的确立和完善，对於集体合同在协调劳动关系方面作用的更好发挥意义重大。

Because of the low efficiency of economy collectivization, collective property rights can"t last for a long time and central government has to communicate with community and peasants. Rural community collective property rights become subjective through balancing benefits by formal or informal trading. With the changes of political and economical environment, the contradiction of rural community property rights between fair and efficiency become more and more serious. Collective lands and collective enterprises advance to privatization gradually. There are two kinds of country collective property rights in the history of its evolution, one offer community common good and the other satisfy peasants" private demand. The collective property rights institution improvement brings efficiency because it privatizes the latter. Because of the limit of industrialization and civilization, land is still the last social welfare of peasants, so rural community must attain the collective property rights to control the pressure of population. Also community has to get money from collective economy.

本文分析的思路是；由于制度变迁的&路径依赖&，农村社区之间的利益分配边界在解放以后得以保持并在集体化过程中得到加强，为社区获得排他性集体产权奠定了基础；由于国家对农村经济的集体化效率极低而不可能长期维持，国家不得不与社区和农民对话，通过正式或非正式的交易平衡多方利益，社区集体产权获得实质性内容；随着政治、经济等环境的不断变化，社区集体产权公平与效率之间的矛盾同益明显，集体土地和集体企业逐渐朝私有化的方向发展；从农村社区集体产权制度变迁的历史来看，集体产权实际上包含两种形式：提供社区公共物品和满足社区农民个人需求，每一次集体产权的制度创新，都是使后者&私有化&而提高了集体经济的效率；但是，受我国工业化和城市化进程缓慢的制约，土地依然是农民最后的生存保障，农村社区必须保持对土地的集体产权以调节人口变化对土地的压力，社区组织行使职能也必须有一定的集体经济提供资金支持。

On the bases of investigating and grasping the materials about the AHPPEs, AHPPEs' developing situation is analyzed completely in this article on vertical direction of time order and horizontal direction of department, in the meantime, material buying process, capital's using rate, and product selling process are also analyzed completely. Pointing out because the differences of owning right among State-Operated Enterprises, Collectively Operated Enterprises and Privately Operated Enterprises, there are differences in the producing behavior and trade development.A. According to the theory of producer behavior, POEs is on the way from stageⅠto stage Ⅱ,economic interests increasing;COEs is on the end of stageⅡ,economic interests decreasing;SOEs on stage Ⅲ,economic interests is negatively increasing.Model analyzing method shows that scale economic doesn't exist in SOEs and COEs, but POEs is the reverse.B. Different owning right enterprises have great differences in the respect of capital scale,product making and selling processes, at last SOEs and COEs' economic interests is much less than that of POEs. Scale economic doesn't exist in SOEs and COEs, POEs have the potential of developing scale economic, furthermore, the new-coming horizontal in the horizontal structure have the good situation.

在跟踪调查掌握资料的基础上，文章对该区农畜产品加工企业的发展状况从时间序列的纵向和行业结构的横向进行了比较分析，同时又从原材料购买过程、资金的利用效率以及产品的销售过程等各个方面进行了全方位地剖析，指出由于企业存在着国有、集体和民营产权类型的不同，导致生产行为和行业发展存在着差异：A、生产者行为理论分析总结出，民营企业正在处于第Ⅰ阶段向第Ⅱ阶段的过度区，经济效益上升；集体企业处于第Ⅱ阶段的末端，经济效益下降；国有企业处于第Ⅲ阶段，经济效益负增长。B、不同产权企业在资金规模，产品的生产和售卖过程上存在着很大不同，最终导致国有和集体企业经济效益比民营企业要差得多，用模型方法分析得出结论：国有企业和集体企业都不存在规模经济，而民营企业存在规模经济的发展潜力，并且在行业结构中属于民营产权的新兴行业发展状况良好。C、行业间也存在着很大的不同：集体企业的优势行业是制酒、粮食加工和肉食品加工等行业；民营企业的优势在皮件类、服装、粮食加工和制酒等行业；国有企业当中食品加工、肉食品加工和食品冷库类是优势行业。

How is collective action brought about? This perennial question has been approached from different angles. Structuralists insist that structure is the source of collective action, that structure gives rise to ideology which in turn determines collective action. Utilitarians maintain that only the community with shared benefits can engender collective action, and rational individuals may throw collective action into predicament. Constructionists are of the opinion that people act on the basis of the meanings derived from social construction, and that social mobilization is needed for such collective action.

结构主义者认为结构才是集体行动的本源，结构决定了意识形态从而也决定了集体行动；功利主义认为有着共同利益的群体成员才有集体行动的可能，但个人理性会令集体行动陷入困境；而建构主义则认为人们是依据意义的社会建构来采取行动的，但集体行动所需的共同意识、资源、成员都需要组织者积极动员，除了群体的意义建构在影响集体行动，行动者的理性也仍然在考察不断变化的周围世界的基础上参与行动抉择。

According to Durkheim, the collective life in religion and the collective consciousness and mind based on it are very important.

涂尔干认为：宗教中的集体生活以及在此基础上形成的集体意识与精神是非常重要的；宗教生活本质上是一种集体生活，而集体生活也即宗教聚集不能相隔过久；之所以要维持定期的集体生活从根本上说是保持宗教伦理与理想的需要。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。