难以控制

College of Guandong Business, Guanzhou 510320, China）Abstract: Since large-scale vertical quench furnace is voluminous, whose working condition is a typically complex process with distributed parameter, nonlinear, multi-inputs/multi-outputs, close coupled variables, etc, dynamically decoupling control algorithm of temperature distributed parameter system in the furnace was presented, by which the whole system was decoupled to several subsystems and the implementation of controller was simplified. With finite difference approximation, the space and time step size was solved to ensure the convergency of finite difference approximation. After decoupling, the subsystems were controlled with self-learning PID control algorithm. The results show that the temperature control precision and homogeneity are improved; the overshoot and process in temperature rising period are reduced simultaneity.

摘 要：针对大型立式淬火炉体积庞大，工况复杂，炉内温度分布呈本征非均匀性，具有多输入/多输出、非线性、强耦合等特性，难以实现炉内温度高精度高均匀性控制目标等问题，提出一种温度分布参数系统动态解耦控制算法，其原理是：采用有限维逼近方法将对象解耦为多个独立的子系统，简化控制器的实现过程；通过分析有限维逼近方法的收敛性，获得保证收敛性的空间和时间步长应满足的条件；解耦后的子系统采用自学习PID控制算法，实现炉内温度高精度和高均匀性控制以及升温过程的快速性和小超调。

With domestic and oversea segment fuzzy controls in beer ferment,rarelyappear and popularized due to lack of intercommunity.

国内外很多研究者在啤酒发酵控制中采用了模糊控制技术，但并未采取分段控制的方法，或者因控制方法缺乏共性而难以推广。

The performance of magnetic levitation is determined mainly by the characteristic of its controller and solving the problems of the high precision, high response frequency, output immune from the disturbance, the parameter perturbation and the uncertain factors from outside is very difficult. The traditional methods can not meet the needs of the system. So it has great significance to study the control method of magnetic levitation.

磁悬浮系统性能的优劣很大程度上取决于控制器的特性，高精度、高响应频率和输出不受外界干扰的特性以及磁悬浮中参数的摄动和外界不确定的干扰因素都是难以解决的棘手问题，传统控制难以满足系统要求，因此对控制方法的研究有其非常重要的意义。

At present, the production management and technology information in the workshop is still transmitted by paper documents, e.g. drawing, process cards, process route bill etc, so the efficiency of information communication is very low, and the locale information cant be updated and controlled timely and accurately. The aftereffect is that informationizaton can neither be deep into the equipment level in the shopfloor and it is difficult to bring greater profits.

现有车间的生产管理和技术信息大多数均通过图纸、工艺卡片、工艺路线单等纸质文档进行传递，信息传递效率较低，生产现场信息更新难以及时、准确的反馈和控制，导致企业信息化难以深入到车间设备层，从而使整个企业信息化难以产生更大的效益。

Currently some different video transmission scehmes have been proposed, such as source-based adaptive rate control, receiver-based simulcast and layered multicast, but these schemes basically follow the traditional network design principles and take end-to-end congestion control and error control mechanisms without the participation of network intermediate nodes, making a series of problems such as session management difficulty, congestion control blindness, feedback explosion, and the difficulty in achieving fairness among different users.

目前对于网络视频传输已出现了各种不同的解决方案，如基于源的自适应速率控制方案和基于接收端的联播、分层多播等视频传输机制，但这些方案基本上都遵循网络设计的传统原则，采取基于端到端的拥塞控制和差错控制机制，而没有网络节点的参与，从而导致会话管理困难、拥塞控制盲目、反馈爆炸等一系列问题，而且难以在用户之间达成公平。

Backlash and friction are the non-linearities arising in almost all the gear driving systems.

齿隙和摩擦是齿轮传动系统中制约运动控制精度不可避免的非线性现象，常规的PID控制难以达到较好的控制品质，变结构控制是解决非线性系统控制问题的一种有效方法。

The first control strategy has the disadvantages such as a large amount of computations, inherent pull-out torque, difficulties in realizing the adaptive control and so forth. For the rotor flux-oriented control, changing of load or the rotor speed will result in increased or decreased torque winding currents, which will change the magnetic field distribution in the air gap. Assumption that magnetic field is approximately equal to that generated by torque windings will affect the levitation performances.

分析表明：气隙磁场定向控制中存在最大转矩限制、非线性机械特性，难以实现自适应控制等问题；对转子磁场定向控制而言，当负载或转速变化时，由于转矩控制绕组转矩电流变化将导致气隙磁场发生改变，如果仍以转子磁场近似替代气隙磁场作为悬浮依据，必然影响到悬浮控制性能。

And this course of change of water level of steam dome caused to perturbation of water flow can pass experiment test and receive the accurate mathematics model with data processing , can design the routine controller to control like this, and can reach very good result.

并通过常规三冲量PID仿真与模糊控制仿真进行了一系列对照，结果证明对于那些过程复杂，具有时变性和明显滞后以及难以取得精确的数学模型的系统，模糊控制比传统的三冲量控制更容易实现全自动并且控制作用相当有效。

One new auto-optimized fuzzy control model of car-engines based on genetic arithmetic was introduced aiming at the problem that the parameters of car-engine are of the discreteness, the nonlinear and the uncertain characteristics, with which it is difficult to control accurately the excess air coefficient and the spark advance angle in dynamic procedure when using a conventional control model.

针对汽车发动机参数具有离散性、非线性和不确定性，采用传统控制模型难以精确控制瞬态过程的过量空气系数和点火时刻的问题，提出了一种基于遗传算法的发动机自寻优模糊控制模型。设计了实现该控制模型的嵌入式控制器，讨论了实时在线仿真基础上，采用遗传算法对模糊控制参数的自动寻优。

According to the characteristic of mine hoist runned by control system,puts forward and uses tolerant control technology of integrate intelligent sensor to improve the stabilization safety and reliability of mine hoist control system in the sensor fault.

传统控制技术难以在故障情况下对矿井提升机的复杂控制系统实现有效控制，提出了在提升机控制系统中采用集成智能传感器容错控制方案来实现提升机的容错控制，以保证提升机在传感器故障情况下，系统仍能稳定可靠的运行，增强了系统的可靠性，避免了事故。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。