隐喻

Then the author argues that for lexical semantic change there are three motivations: objective, subjective and linguistic, and the major cognitive mechanisms are metaphor, metonymy, and subjectification.

在此基础上，作者提出推动发话人进行词义创新的三个动因：客观动因、主观动因和语言动因，认为其认知机制主要是隐喻、转喻和主观化。

Traugott, E. C. 1989."On the Rise of Epistemic Meanings in English: An Example of Subjectification in Semantic Change." Language 65(1): 31-55.Vygotsky, L. 1978. Mind in Society ---- The Development of Higher Psychological Processes . Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. P.

同时，如果我们将实据也看作一种独立的权力在言语情景中发挥作用，那么情态助词的认识用法就可以认为是其义务用法的语用强化，而不认为是后者的隐喻扩展。

When Kathryn Bigelow's The Hurt Locker won all the big Oscars over James Cameron's Avatar , the victory was perceived as a good sign of the state of things in Hollywood: A modest production meant for independent festivals clearly overran a superproduction whose technical brilliance cannot cover up the flat simplicity of its story.

当凯瑟琳毕格罗的《拆弹部队》力压詹姆斯卡梅隆的《阿凡达》获得全部奥斯卡大奖的时候，如是的成功便自然被视作是那些常在好莱坞发生之事的隐喻性浓缩：一部最初指向独立电影节的低成本制作明显胜过一部试图用华丽特效来掩盖苍白情节的超级大片。

from the angle of cognition, metaphor has surmounted the range of pure language.

摘 要：从认知的角度来看，隐喻实际上已经超越了纯语言的范畴。

We should study radiation and concatenation synchronically and diachronically.

我们应从共时和历时两个角度来分析隐喻和转喻在词义延伸中所起的辐射和链接作用。

The gentleman is hit by ideal personality example as Confucianism, one of the maximal life realm being always that the Chinese man of letters assiduously seeks, plum's being noble and pure is haughty , orchid's quietness and tastefulness is nimble and unpredictable, bamboo's modesty has festival and chrysanthemum's amorous out-of-the-way clear chastity exactly is that this appreciation of the beauty personality and inherent vigorous consummation unfold, as a result, through the ages, symbol and metaphor that plum , orchid , bamboo , chrysanthemum are filled with long ago as the personality garment front, become Chinese chanting the thing poem and middle the well liked painting of man-of-letters subject matter , praise highly being eulogized by common people.

君子作为儒学中理想人格的典范，一直是中国文人孜孜以求的最高人生境界之一，梅的高洁傲岸，兰的幽雅空灵，竹的虚心有节以及菊的冷艳清贞正是这种审美人格和内在精神的完美展现，因而，古往今来，梅、兰、竹、菊早已作为人格襟抱的象征和隐喻，成为中国人咏物诗和文人画中最受欢迎的题材，为世人所赞颂推崇。

It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure: that when the last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking.

在艺术上，福克纳受弗洛伊德影响，大胆地大胆地进行实验，采用意识流手法、对位结构以及象征隐喻等手段表现暴力、凶杀、性变态心理等，他的作品风格千姿百态、扑朔迷离，读者须下大功夫才能感受其特有的审美情趣。9mG大学生英语网

It looks obviously metaphorical, but it doesn't bear unravelling.

这明显具有隐喻性，却又经不起解析。

For Tristram Riley-Smith, a British civil servant posted for several years to Her Majesty's embassy in Washington, DC, and now back working in Whitehall, the silenced bell, which was cast in London's Whitechapel, has provided not only the title of this engaging and ambitious book but also a metaphor for its central idea.

特里斯特兰·里莱·史密斯曾是女王陛下驻华盛顿大使，现在已经回白金汉宫工作。对他来说，这座在伦敦白教堂铸造的缄默的大钟，不仅为他这本具有吸引力和挑战性的书提供了一个很好的名字，而且也是本书中心含义的隐喻。

For Tristram Riley-Smith, a British civil servant posted for several years to Her Majesty's embassy in Washington, DC, and now back working in Whitehall, the silenced bell, which was cast in London's Whitechapel, has provided not only the title of this engaging and ambitious book but also a metaphor for its central idea.

曾是女王陛下驻华盛顿大使，现在已经回白金汉宫工作。对他来说，这座在伦敦白教堂铸造的缄默的大钟，不仅为他这本具提供了一个很好的名字，而且也是本书中心含义的隐喻。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失