隐喻

In the book " Metaphors We Live By ", George Lakoff and Mark Johnson describe how metaphors shape understanding, and the ways in which metaphors simultaneously reveal and obfuscate the world around us.

在《人类赖以生存的隐喻》一书中，George Lakoff和Mark Johnson讲述了隐喻塑造我们理解世界的方式，以及隐喻揭示与混淆我们身边世界的方式。

Meanwhile, the study provides sound explanations for polysemy and is beneficial to language teaching and learning.

语料表明在英汉中都存在"人是物体"这个概念隐喻，而对比由此衍生出来的隐喻表达，可以为概念隐喻提供跨文化方面的依据，并为一词多义现象提供了合理的解释，这对语言的教与学都有帮助。

The research results lend support to Ullmann's hypothesis that synaesthetic metaphors are not arbitrary, but tend to mount from the lower to the higher reaches of the sensorium, or from the less differentiated sensations to the more differentiated ones. This"upward"tendency of synaesthetic transfer can be accounted for by the general tendency of metaphorical transfer indicated by Lakoff and Johnson, that is, in a metaphorical transfer, it's more likely for a less complicated concept to be mapped onto a more complicated one, but not vice versa.

研究结果支持Ullmann所提出的假设，即多数通感隐喻遵循从低级感官向高级感官迁移的规律，这与Lakoff和Johnson的隐喻理论所提出的隐喻的普遍映射方向(从简单认知域到复杂认知域)是一致的。

Metaphorical expressions in songs may be divided into two types: sentential metaphor and discourse metaphor.

吴进歌词创作中的隐喻有两种类型，修辞句式隐喻和文学整体隐喻。

According to whose idea, metaphors used in language expressions are mere superficies, and the real thing matters is the metaphorical concept or conceptual metaphor that is hidden deeply in our conceptual system.

按照莱考夫等人的理解，语言使用中的隐喻只是一种表层的现象，真正起作用的是深藏在我们概念系统中的隐喻概念或概念隐喻。

In chapter I, this paper elaborates the present historical context of metaphor, presents a contextual analysis of metaphor from the perspective of philosophy of language, points out that syntactics construction is the carrier, semantics projection is the essence and pragmatics choice is the creation mode of metaphor in a certain context.

本文第一章在给出了隐喻研究的当代历史语境之后，从语言哲学的角度考察并说明了：在特定语境中，语形构造是隐喻的载体，语义映射是其本质，语用选择是其生成方式，从而给出了一个较为细致全面的隐喻的语境分析。

Hence in language use, the ideational encoding from SEMANTICS to MEANING would generate a new process system of four general Transitivity constructions: material-actional, material-relational, material-relational, and mental-relational.

在笔者看来，前一类现象为语言编码前的"意象隐喻"，但在语义上则是一致式，后者同时涉及意象隐喻和语义隐喻，因为它们是在"心理-关系"这一总的及物性结构框架内，以识别模式为源范畴，映射到同一框架下的属性模式而生成的。

Raymond Gibbs, a pioneer in psycholinguistics, has argued that the present conceptual metaphorical theory is, in terms of cognitive grammar, unfalsifiable, if the only data in its favor is the systematic grouping of metaphors linked by a common theme.

尽管认知语言学对概念隐喻进行了界定和分析，但却没有在词或短语层面上对是什么构成了语言中的隐喻给出明确的尺度，也没有清楚地说明如何辨别一个概念隐喻的存在。

Now first, though the phrase 'deceived by our senses' is a common metaphor, it is a metaphor; and this is worth noting, for in what follows the same metaphor is frequently taken up by the expression 'veridical' and taken very-seriously.

首先，尽管"被感官欺骗"这话是个常用的隐喻，但它毕竟是个隐喻；有必要注意到这一点，因为在后面的文本里，作者常常正经八百地用"经查证可靠无欺"这个表达式来应照这个隐喻。

In this article, the author analyzes metaphor and metonymy comparatively and points out their respective roles in the semantic extension of a word: Metaphorical thinking and metonymical thinking are two important processes leading to semantic extension, but metaphorical thinking is more important in this respect.

本文通过对比研究，指出隐喻和转喻在词义延伸中所起的作用：隐喻和转喻思维使词义延伸成为可能，而隐喻思维在词义延伸中所起的作用更大。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失