隐喻

It puts forward the concept "metaphorical sentences" with a definition and proves that metaphor is realized through personification , animalization, plantification, hypostatization and alienation.

首先提出"隐喻句"的概念，对"隐喻句"进行比较明确的界定，进而探讨"隐喻句"的生成机制，说明"隐喻句"是思维隐喻在语言隐喻中的体现，是拟人化、拟动物化、拟植物化、拟物化和异化的结果。

On the way, By giving the example as the names of the thing (such as silk silks etc.) with color and the basic colorific phrase associated with it, this text demonstrated a fact that the basic colorific phrases were evolved from the names of the thing that include the color, under the function of the come from the method that is borrowing the thing assumes the color, and expatiated the condition of the basic colorific phrase in Chinese language. Take the synthesize colorific phrase implied compliment or dispraiser as an example, explained the imagism of Chinese thought method how to influence the synthesize the colorific phrase, and do it by taking the food, metals and nature scenery makes the ratio at other Chinese thought method that is take shape to analogy as too. It expatiated the influence that the Han ethnologic culture result in the acceptation of the colorific phrase, pass on analyze the diverse the diverse metaphor meanings of colorific phrase and the opposite phenomenon of acceptation among them of, and the colorific etyma metaphor of "yellow","vermilion","purple","blue","green" and "white", under the premise that distinct the different between themetaphor meanings of colorific phrase and colorific etyma metaphor.

由此本文通过例举有色彩含义的事物专有名称及相应的基本色彩词，分析了基本色彩词是在"借物呈色"思维方式的影响下，由有色彩含义的事物专有名称演变而来的事实，并阐述了汉语基本色彩词的状况；以含有褒扬、贬抑语义的合成色彩词为例说明了汉民族"意向性"思维方式对合成色彩词的影响，以取食物、金属、自然界景物作比的合成色彩词为例说明了汉民族"取象类比"思维方式对合成色彩词的影响；在区分色彩词隐喻意义与色彩语素隐喻意义的基础上，通过分析色彩词的多元隐喻意义及其中的语义对立现象，并分析"黄"、"朱"、"紫"、"青"、"绿"、"白"等色彩语素的隐喻意义，阐述了汉民族文化对色彩词语义的影响。

Metaphor has been studied from different approaches, such as: Aristotelian approach, the interactionist approach, the cognitive approach and grammatical approach.

亚里斯多德的隐喻观、互相作用理论以及认知隐喻观都是从词汇的层面分析隐喻现象，持这些观点的语言学家都认为隐喻是词汇层面上的变体。

This article is trying to discuss form a cognitive linguistical angle about the cognitive mechanism of the metaphorical techniques and its source domain, target domain, ground, situation refered.

从认知语言学的角度来看，汉语灯谜文本中蕴涵着特有的隐喻手法，包括语音隐喻、拟形隐喻、语义隐喻和语法隐喻。

By using Antunano"s hypothesis of property selection process and Boers"s theory of parameter of variation to analyze the influencing factors of metaphorical force, the thesis provides a persuadable explaining theory and an able analyzing method to describe working mechanism of metaphor.

针对现代隐喻理论对汉语方位隐喻解释的不足，论文通过对汉语方位概念隐喻拓展的具体分析，提出隐喻力概念，运用Antuano特征选择理论和Boers变化参数理论分析了影响隐喻力大小的因素，从而为准确描述隐喻工作的内部机制，得出一种更为有说服力的解释理论和切实可行的分析方法。

For example, it is the metaphor GOOD IS UP that makes "good" plus "up" form top-grade, the metaphor BAD IS DOWN that makes "low" plus "bad" form inferior.4. Based on the weakness of Lakoffian conceptual theory in interpreting spatial metaphors, we propose an interpreting means-metaphorical force, which is much easier to make clear how metaphors are formed between two domains.Based on Lakoffian conceptual metaphor theory and through analyzing Chinese spatial metaphors and their metaphorical extensions, we put forward with an interpreting method-metaphorical force. By applying the interpreting means to analyze Chinese spatial terms used in temporal representations as well as in Chinese appellations, we conclude that such interpreting method is a persuadable explaining theory and an able analyzing method to describe working mechanism of metaphor.

针对Lakoff方位概念隐喻理论在解释汉语方位隐喻的不足，我们通过对汉语方位概念隐喻拓展的具体分析，提出方位隐喻力这一解释概念，同时运用Antu6ano特征选择理论和Boers变化参数理论分析了影响隐喻力大小的因素，从而为准确描述汉语方位隐喻工作的内部机制，得出一种更为有说服力的解释理论和切实可行的分析方法。

Then, this study sheds much light upon metaphor operationalization from the categorial, syntactical and conceptual strata to investigate the interior operational mechanism and exterior connection with the socio-cultural mappings on metaphor.

其次，就隐喻的操作，本文作了详尽的分析描述，分别从词类、句法和概念三大层面着重分析英汉隐喻的内部运作转换和外部文化情境关联。宏观隐喻和微观隐喻的区分将隐喻的操作与修辞和认知从语言层面上结合起来。

From a big number of lexical evidences carefully chosen from the metaphor corpus---metalude, which is built up by Andrew Goatly, this thesis studies lexicalized metaphors with the bottom-up method, offering a general frame of lexical metaphor in an answer to questions like how lexicalized metaphors are organized in an organic system, how lexicalized metaphors finally find their position in the dictionary, how they structure English lexicon and how lexicalized metaphors are represented in different word-classes.

首先阐明了词汇隐喻的定义，重要性及其语料库的研究价值，并从Andrew Goatly创建的英语隐喻语料库---metalude中选取大量词汇实例试图解答英语词汇隐喻构建英语词汇的途径，在此基础上进一步分析了词汇隐喻与名词，动词，及其它词类的关系。最后分别从英语词汇隐喻和一词多义，以及语义模糊的关系角度进一步论证了词汇隐喻在推动语言发展中的不可磨灭的作用。

Chapter 5, from a cognitive point of view and integrating the analytical points covered in the previous chapters, examines the metaphoric nature of intentional humor which serves in a sub-discourse as ideational and/or interpersonal means of rhetoric under the global discourse of public speaking, with case analyses of such humorous metaphors, standard or non-standard, at the word, sentence, and discourse levels as well as at the meta-level, and with the idea of resemblance proximity to classify humorous metaphors into synecdochic, metonymic and metaphorical types.

第五章从认知语义的角度并结合前三章的分析来讨论公众演说者有意幽默的隐喻性，考察标准和非标准幽默隐喻在词汇、句子、话语层面以及在元层面的表现，并结合演说语料的个案分析考察幽默隐喻作为次话语在演说整体话语中所达到的概念修辞和人际修辞效果。基于隐喻的相似度，本章还将幽默隐喻进一步分类为借代性幽默、换喻性幽默，和隐喻性幽默。

This chapter starts with the determination of primary sense of under. Then it focuses on how its spatial senses are extended from the central image schema to its transformations by metonymy. Next, this part also focuses on how its metaphorical senses are extended in terms of the central image schema and transformations by metaphor. In these analyses, this thesis summarizes four kinds of relations: the relation of UP-DOWN, the relation of HIGH-LOW, COVERING relation or the relation of IN-OUT and the relation of SOURCE-PATH-GOAL. Lots of metaphorical senses of under are derived from these basic spatial relations. In this thesis, the relations between the senses derived from central image schema and those derived from its transformations are explored at length. The relations between the spatial senses derived from central image schema and transformations and the metaphorical senses derived from them are also explored at length. The above analyses demonstrate that the sense extension of the spatial preposition is motivated by image schema, which also provides the root for metonymic and metaphorical extension. The semantic network of under is diagramed finally.

论文首先确定了under的首要意义；然后集中探讨了它的空间意义如何从中心意象图式，通过转喻形成许多变体，从而得以延伸；接着分析了它的隐喻意义如何从中心意象图式及其变体通过隐喻而得以延伸，在此分析中，本论文总结了四种关系：上—下关系﹑高—低关系﹑覆盖关系或里—外关系和起点—路径—目标关系，under的很多隐喻意义源于这些基本的空间关系；本论文还对源于中心意象图式的空间意义与源于其变体的空间意义的关系进行了详细的剖析；对源于中心意象图式与其变体的空间意义及其延伸的隐喻意义之间的关系，也同样进行了详细的剖析；通过分析论证了，意象图式是空间介词义项扩展的源泉，同时也为转喻和隐喻提供了基础；最后得出under的语义网络。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失