隐含成本

It drives up not only the cost of our goods but it becomes a hidden tax on our customers, says Mallory Duncan, general counsel of the National Retail Federation, the industry's largest trade group.

这上扬的不只是我们商品的成本，也是变成隐含税加诸在我们客户之上，国家零售联盟的法律顾问 Mallory Duncan 说道。

In its analytic frame, implicit cost is actually fixed hypothesis, compete completely namely the cost of the enterprise in the enterprise in the market and hold the market it is identical.

在它的分析框架中，实际上隐含着成本不变假说，即完全竞争市场中的企业与垄断市场中的企业的成本是相同的。

There is everything sensible and nothing new in the idea that capital has an implicit cost -- an opportunity cost -- and that it is the return on capital that matters. You would rather deploy $1 million in a project likely to earn 20% than invest a larger sum and make 6%. But total profit also counts. So if you could invest a lot more and still expect, say, 18%, you would do it. If companies hire Stern Stewart to rebottle this old wine, no one is much the worse.

一切有理智和在没有新的观念，资本有一个隐含的成本-机会成本-这是资本回报率的事项，你宁愿部署一百万元的一个项目，可能获得20 ％，比投资更大的总结，并作出了6％，但利润总额也算数的，所以如果你可以投入大量越来越仍预期，也就是说， 18 ％，你会做，如果公司聘请斯特恩斯图尔特以rebottle这个旧酒，没有一个是多坏。

There is a positive relationship between the degree of knowledge tacitness and transfer cost; there is a negative relationship between the degree of knowledge overlap and transfer cost; there is a positive relationship between the degree of physics distance and transfer cost, but the relationship is not that significant; there is a positive relationship between the hierachical distance and transfer cost; there is a negative relationship between the trust and transfer cost.

结论如下：首先，从知识情境来说，知识隐含性与知识转移成本成正相关关系；其次，在相关情境重，部门差距与知识转移成本的正相关关系这一假设未能通过验证，知识重叠性与知识转移成本成负相关关系；知识转移双方物理距离与知识转移成本成正相关关系，但显著性处于临界状态，不能完全支持假设；职位距离与知识转移成本成正相关关系；在接收者情境中，基于能力的信任和基于善心的信任与知识转移成本成负相关关系。

The implicit promise is automatically credible precisely when the threatened action is costly for the threatener to carry out.

而其隐含的许诺则是自动可信的，这恰是因为威胁行为对于采取它的威胁者来说是有成本的。

This shortens the distance between theoretical triggering value and practical value and thus unifies the situations in McDonald and Siegel (1986), Dixit and Pindyck (1994), Boyarchenko (2004). Forth, the idea of dynamic real options is introduced in order to overcome the drawback of static assumption in traditional theory.

第四，针对传统实物期权隐含假设投资前后市场条件不变的静态缺陷，引入动态实物期权的思路，并以实物期权的持有成本为例建立了相应的模型，发现持有成本和跳跃因素共同影响触发价值，甚至可能使触发价值下降到低于传统NPV原则下的触发价值。

The high transaction cost implicates inequilibrium problems of institution, such as contractual uncertainty, information asymmetries, deficiencies of internalizing the externalities, and rent-seeking behavior.

经研究结果发现各案例之抗争交易成本均相当高，且高额交易成本隐含契约不确定、讯息不对称、外部性未能内部化及寻租行为等制度失衡问题。

The integrated 24 V auxiliary supply module for the entire automation system allows grid voltage failures to be easily mastered without any lost axis links. Using torque motors eliminates the cost implications of drives that have mechanical imperfections like friction, elasticity, and mechanical backlashes.

整个自动化系统的集成24V辅助电源模块使得容易控制电网电压故障而不失去轴连接，利用力矩马达减少有机械缺点，如摩擦，灵活性以及机械冲击的驱动器的隐含成本。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。