除虫菊酯

In an effort to elucidate the mechanisms of the resistance,our laboratory has previously identified and reported a number of genes associated with resistance to a widely used pyrethroid deltamethrin,including a Culex chymotrypsin gene.

为阐明媒介昆虫对拟除虫菊酯的抗性机制，本实验室先前已经鉴别并报道了一系列拟除虫菊酯代表种溴氰菊酯抗性相关基因，其中包括糜蛋白酶基因。

For developing an immunoassay for multiple residues of pyrethroid pesticides, the hapten N-2- carbanmoyl-(3"-phenoxyphenyl) methyl 3-(2"-Cldoro-3",3",3"-trifluoropropenyl)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropane- carboxylate was synthesized from cyanohydrin and 3-(2"-Chloro-3",3",3- trifluoropropenyl)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid via hydrolysis and esterification. The synthesis of the hapten was foundation of preparaing anti- cyhalothrin polyclonal antibodies.

为了制备对单一拟除虫菊酯高特异性的抗体，以菊酸和氰醇为起始原料，通过水解、酯化反应合成了半抗原N-2-氨甲酰-(3-苯氧基苄基)甲基-3-(2-氯-3，3，3-三氟丙烯基)-2，2-二甲基环丙烷羧酸酯，为进一步制备抗三氟氰菊酯的特异性抗体奠定基础。

Supercritical carbon dioxide was used to extract pyrethrin from pyrethrum flowers.

采用超临界二氧化碳萃取除虫菊花中的有效成分除虫菊酯，设计了一个突然降压的过程，使除虫菊花的细胞壁破碎，减少过程的传质阻力。

Almost all the existent pyrethrum esters are prepared from the pyrethrinI and pyrethrin II almost has never been used.

现有的拟除虫菊酯品种，基本源出于除虫菊酯Ⅰ，而除虫菊酯Ⅱ中的第二菊酸及其酯却几乎未被利用过。

People in natural Pyrethrum ester chemical structure on the basis of a variety of pyrethroid insecticides, but the validity of these pesticide residues are short and easy solutions for optical characteristics.

人们在天然除虫菊酯化学结构研究的基础上合成出了多种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂，但这些杀虫剂均有残效期短和极易光解的特点。

The effect of ultrasound on the degradation of pyrethrins and the velocity of extraction are studied through the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of pyrethrins from pyrethrum.

本文以除虫菊花中的除虫菊酯萃取为对象，研究用超临界CO2对其萃取时，施加超声场对萃取物降解及萃取速率的影响。

On the other hand, 3(2)-fluoro-4-methoxyl methyl benzyl alcohol and 3(2)-fluoro-4-methyl benzyl alcohol are mixture and components of pyrethrum esters. Both of them have "mixture fluorine effect " and higher activity, lower drug resistance. As we know, the mixture benzyl alcohol containing fluorine is more easy to be synthesized than the single, so the cost of preparation is lower. We hope to apply it to molecule design of the new agriculture chemical. On the base of molecule design and structure-activity relationship research of pyrethric acid II and mixture of alcohol containing fluorine, we intend to get new pyrethrum ester that have higher activity and lower resistance.

另一方面，混合含氟对甲氧甲基苄醇和混合含氟对甲苄醇都是具有"混合氟效应"的高活性、低抗性的拟除虫菊酯醇组分，由于混合含氟醇的合成要比单一异构体的合成容易，成本较低，本文希望将其应用到新农药的分子设计中，用第二菊酸和一些含氟醇进行分子设计及进一步的构效关系的研究，筛选出一些高活性低抗性的拟除虫菊酯换代新品种。

Objective A multiresidue method based on solid-phase extraction andgas chromatography with electron capture detector was developed for thesimultaneous determination of 15 pesticides (Dichlorvos, Dimethoate,Parathion-methyl, Malathion, Parathion, Fenpropathrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin,Cypermethrin,Esfenvalerate,Deltamethfin,Quintozene,Dieldrin,Heptachlor,α-Endosulfan,β-Endosulfan) in drinking water.

目的：建立同时检测饮用水中15种农药残留的固相萃取-气相色谱分析方法，所检测的农药包括5种有机磷：敌敌畏，乐果，甲基对硫磷，马拉硫磷，对硫磷；5种有机氯：五氯硝基苯，狄氏剂，环氧七氯，α-硫丹，β-硫丹；5种拟除虫菊酯：甲氰菊酯，三氟氯氰菊酯，氯氰菊酯，氰戊菊酯，溴氰菊酯。

On the other hand, 3(2)-fluoro-4-methoxyl methyl benzyl alcohol and 3(2)-fluoro-4-methyl benzyl alcohol are mixture and components of pyrethrum esters. Both of them have "mixture fluorine effect " and higher activity, lower drug resistance. As we know, the mixture benzyl alcohol containing fluorine is more easy to be synthesized than the single, so the cost of preparation is lower. We hope to apply it to molecule design of the new agriculture chemical. On the base of molecule design and structure-activity relationship research of pyrethric acid II and mixture of alcohol containing fluorine, we intend to get new pyrethrum ester that have higher activity and lower resistance.

另一方面，混合含氟对甲氧甲基苄醇和混合含氟对甲苄醇都是具有&混合氟效应&的高活性、低抗性的拟除虫菊酯醇组分，由于混合含氟醇的合成要比单一异构体的合成容易，成本较低，本文希望将其应用到新农药的分子设计中，用第二菊酸和一些含氟醇进行分子设计及进一步的构效关系的研究，筛选出一些高活性低抗性的拟除虫菊酯换代新品种。

Using a long-term reared housefly population which is very susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides as the susceptible strain, a population collected in 1993 in Shanghai and has been treaded by cyhalothrin as the resistant strain, we bioassayed their susceptibility to organophosphorus, carbamate, pyrethroid and organehloride insecticides. We also investigated the role of metabolic enzymes, i. e. esterase, GST, MFO and of target enzymes, i. e. AChE and 〓-ATPase in resistance to insecticides. Cyhalothrin resistance inheritance, the co-toxicity coefficient of cyhalothrin and methylene dithiocyanate was also studied. The insecticides resistance in adults and larvae of houseflies was compared and the mechanism of resistance differences between adults and larvae was discussed.

本文以采自野外并经过室内多代筛选的三氟氯氰菊酯抗性家蝇品系和室内多年饲养的敏感家蝇品系为试虫，测定了抗性家蝇品系和敏感家蝇品系对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂三氟氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、有机磷杀虫剂DDVP、氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂残杀威、有机氧杀虫剂DDT的抗性水平，并通过活体增效剂实验和离体生化实验研究了抗性品系的解毒酶和靶标酶的变化，本文还研究了三氟氯氰菊酯和增效剂I对抗性家蝇的增效作用及增效机理、家蝇幼虫和成虫对杀虫剂的抗性差异及其抗性差异的机理。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。