降雨

In dry area or sandy dryland, for the reason of scarce rainfall, windiness and lack of labor power and material resources, the low survivor ratio of afforestation were common.

在干旱或荒漠地区造林，降雨稀少，风多且风大，加之人力、物力的贫乏等原因，导致造林成活率低。

Stable carbon isotope data （δ^13C） from feces of mixed-feeding impala Aepyceros melampus living in South Africa＇s Kruger National Park are used to study dietary variations across a variety of spatio-temporal scales.

利用稳定碳同位素数据（δ^13C）分析了南非克鲁格国家公园混食性黑斑羚时间和空间尺度上的食性变化，验证了两个假说，即有蹄类食性变化是由生境中木本植物与草本植物的相对配比导致；降雨控制有蹄类生态。

Through the research of direct search method based on 3D FEM, and its application for the tunnel slope stability analysis, the objectives of this work in this paper are as follows:1. The dynamic programming as well as its application for 3D side slope stability analysis is studied. With the introduction of graph theory concept, one kind of glide pattern of 3D slope is constructed, and the critical slip surface with smallest safety factor is searched with the aid of one auxiliary function including safety factor;2. Using the C++ programming language, the 3D slope stability analysis and the direct search procedure is established, and this method is testified applicably by some contrast analysis, also some influence factor in analysis is discussed;3. Integrated with the different actual situation in tunnel slope, considered its excavation, timbering and rain infiltration, its stability influence and rule is researched used this method, also some processing measure is proposed.

本文通过对三维有限元直接搜索法的研究，并将其应用于隧道边坡的稳定性分析中，主要的研究内容有：1、研究了动态规划原理及其在三维边坡稳定性分析中的应用，引入图论概念，构筑出一种边坡三维滑裂面的滑动模式，借助一个包含安全系数的辅助函数并通过动态搜索求得临界滑裂面与最小安全系数；2、采用C++程序设计语言，编制出边坡三维稳定性分析以及直接搜索法的程序，通过一些算例的对比分析，验证本文方法的适用性，并讨论了三维分析中的一些影响因素。3、结合隧道边坡的不同实际情况，考虑施工开挖过程、衬砌结构及降雨渗流等方面的因素，利用本文方法研究对其稳定性的影响和规律，并提出处理措施

The achievement of this project can be briefly summed up as following:(1)the carbon contributing to karst processes mainly comes from ecological system itself under the condition of existence of vegetation and soil covers;(2)results indicates that the depositing processes of rainfall to CO2 is an important "sink" to global carbon cycle;(3)owing to the differences of vegetation and surface covering, the adjusting effect of ecosystem to environmental humidity, temperature and CO2 concentration near surface air which indicates different benefit of preventing water and soil from lose is marked;(4)the preponderant species of vegetation in the karst ecosystems which have different kinds of carbonate rocks are obviously variant, and this situation results to the clearly differences of the micro － habitat , structure of surface cover and water holding capacity;(5) the relevant study showed that the carpophagous animals and birds make a important role in the spreading of vegetation seeds. The designed experience for the study of seed reservoir was not able to obtain a satisfactory result.

主要研究成果包括：通过对表层系统碳库的研究，认为在有土壤和植被覆盖时，岩溶作用过程中的碳主要来自生态系统本身而不是母岩；降雨对大气碳具有重要&沉淀&作用，是碳的一个重要汇；不同植被类型表层岩溶系统对系统水份、空气湿度、气温、土温和近地表 CO2浓度等具有明显调节作用，具有不同的水土保持效益；不同母岩的岩溶生态系统的植被优势种、属差异明显，由此形成的小生境、地被物及其持水性差异巨大；对典型岩溶表层系统种子库的试验研究没有取得满意结果，但食果动物、鸟类对种子传播起到一定作用。

The accumulation rates of terrigenous long-chain compounds peaked at H3, paralleling those of the algae biomarkers, demonstrate that the enhancement of Eustigmatophceae and coccolithophorid productivity at H3 is caused by an increased terrigenous nutrient supply from the Sunda Shelf. This interpretation coincides with Sunda Shelf laid bare, the low sea level and river flood due to the abundant monsoon precipitation in southern South China Sea in the last glacial.

同时这些化合物的堆积速率在H3都出现了极大值，与水生生物来源的生物标志物的变化一致，反映出在南海海平面降低，巽它陆架出露背景下这一时期丰富的季风降雨导致河流洪水泛滥，从而引起南沙海区输入的陆源营养元素增多，黄绿藻、颗石藻海洋表层生产力的增高。

Based on the conclusion above and the special features of the colluvial landslides, the load parameter and the unload parameter of this type of landslides are determined, so the ratio dynamic predication model of the load-unload response is established in term of the load-unload responses ratio theory.

在系统分析降雨和地下水作用动力因素与边坡位移及稳定性作用关系的基础上，针对堆积层滑坡基本特征，运用加卸载响应比理论，研究和确定了该类滑坡的加卸载参数及加卸载响应参数，从而首次建立了基于堆积层滑坡加卸载响应比的位移物理预测模型。

The throughfall of six forest types is Shrubbery and grass land, Pinus massoniana forest, Cupressus funebris forest, Conifer and broadleaf forest, Broadleaf forest and Mixed conifer forest in order.The relationship between precipitation and the canopy interception is a power regression.

降雨初期，林冠截留量随着降雨量的增大而增大，但随着林冠吸水饱和，林冠截留量会逐渐趋于一个稳定范围。6种森林类型的林冠截留量从大到小依次为针叶混交林、马尾松林、柏木林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌草地。

Corrosion process of water flow could have great impact on dissolvable rock area in several decades.

岩石风化作用既是地壳固体物质形态转变的重要途径，也是产生块体运动灾害的必要前提条件，其类型和强度受区域气温及降雨条件的控制；水的侵蚀作用的区域性规律受地貌成因和气候条件的制约，它对陆地环境的最大冲击是对海洋、湖泊及水库岸滩带的侵蚀和改造；流水的溶蚀作用可在几十年内对可溶岩类地区产生影响。

This paper proposed robust characteristic function for real-time flood forecasting system,and established the dynamitic monitor module for rainfall error,and researched dynamitic robust estimation for AR model parameters.

把抗差估计理论引入实时洪水预报系统，提出适合于实时洪水预报系统的抗差特征函数，建立降雨误差的动态监控模式，研究实时修正模型参数的动态抗差估计，结合洪水预报模型，形成具有水文学特点、抗差性强的实时洪水抗差预报系统。

At present, the highway communication in the west of our country is in energetical developing period, and some western provinces are the most serious area of expansive soil, so expansive soil engineering problems have already become one of the technological difficult problems demanding prompt solution in road construction in the west of our country.

本文结合南友路路堤试验段修筑的处治膨胀土路堤，分析全填膨胀土路堤与各种处治路堤在降雨条件下的不均匀变形，并在此基础上进行路面结构的力学响应分析以及路堤边坡的稳定性分析。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。