降雨

It proved that the primary rain attenuation influence factor is the minute rainfall rate of 0.01% time.

这同时也说明了，影响降雨衰减最主要的因素是0.01％时间的分钟降雨率。

The expression of rainfall threshold considering both the rainfall intensity and rainfall process was established.

建立了同时考虑降雨强度和降雨过程的降雨临界值表达式。

Based on field investigation and historical data analyzing, the characteristics and causes of flood disasters of Qinba Mountain area were discussed in this paper. Take the harnessed Watershed and unharnessed Watershed as comparative study objects, through analzing the two typical watershed land using and rainfall-runoff dynamic data, combinating the in-situ soil infiltration field testing, a rainfall-runoff model of small watershed which was appropriate to Qinba Mountain areas was built based on improving the SCS model. And then the influence of soil and water conservation measures on the flood processes was analysed.

本文通过野外调查与历史调查资料，阐述了秦巴山地区洪水灾害的特点及成因，以治理流域与未治理流域为对比研究对象，通过对两条典型流域的土地利用状况分析，结合土壤入渗原位测试，充分利用降雨、径流动态观测资料，以SCS模型模拟降雨径流为重点，建立适合于秦巴山地区小流域的降雨径流计算模型，分析水土保持措施对于洪水的作用过程。

In this study, sulfate radical concentration from 4 drip water points (PL1, PL2, SH, JG) in the Shihua cave have been monitored for three years, and those from the drip water point was monitored for two years. Drip discharges show three types of response to surface precipitation variations: rapid response, response with associated time-lag and stable. The results show that:(1) SO(superscript 2- subscript 4) concentration in rapid response drip water increases sharply during rain period and has a exponential relationship with drip rate;(2) in the drip water of lag response, SO(superscript 2- subscript 4) concentration has no significant incrcase during rainfall, but they show a increasing trend during a long-term monitoring;(3) SO(superscript 2- subscript 4) concentration at the stable drip site is low and has no obvious change during wet weason.

本文通过对石花洞洞穴4个滴水点（JG， SH， PL1和PL2）硫酸根浓度近3个水文年的分析测定，结果表明：响应降雨快的滴水点滴水SO(上标 2-下标 4)浓度升高幅度最明显，且滴水SO(上标 2-下标 4)浓度与滴率成指数关系；滞后响应降雨的观测点滴水SO(上标 2-下标 4)浓度雨季升高幅度不明显，但在长期观测期间有明显增加的趋势；对降雨没有响应的滴水点，其SO(上标 2-下标 4)浓度低且雨季没有明显变化。

Based on the experimental data from Guilin Irrigation Experiment Station in Guangxi Autonomous Region,the relation of rainfall utilization and surface runoff in paddy fields under different rainfall frequency and different irrigation regimes is studied;i.e.combining shallow water depth with wetting and drying,intermitted submerged irrigation and traditional flooding irrigation.

以广西桂林试验中心站多年实测降雨资料为依据，研究不同降雨频率下稻田降雨利用率及水稻不同生育阶段的径流关系，以期为减少农业面污染的水肥管理提供理论依据和实践指导。1材料与方法桂林试验站多年来采用传统灌溉、间歇灌溉和&薄、浅、湿、晒&灌溉方式进行早稻和晚稻田间试验。

The rainfall infiltration theory of coal waste dump is analysed, the process of rainfall infiltration and its influence factor are introduced particularly at the same.

分析了矸石山降雨入渗的基本理论，详细介绍了降雨入渗的过程，以及矸石山降雨入渗过程的影响因素。

Based on the results of exploration and in-site test of typical waste dump in southwest mountainous area,the analysis theory and method of waste dump rainfall infiltration are discussed beginning at analysing coal waste's mechanics characteristic and seepage theoty. Fllowed estimating method of waste dump stability is discussed influenced by rainfall. At last a typical engineering example of coal waste dump landslide influenced by rainfall is researched, acquiring research fruit hereinafter.①Particular exploration of typical waste dump in chongqing area and analysis estimate to its area engineering geology are done. Granule gradation、water content、nature density、dry densit etc parameter of waste granular media are tested. The mechanics characteristic of waste are researched by in-site shear experimentation、compressibility experimentation and infiltration experimentation.②The coal waste dumping is different from other consecutive solid material as incompact granule structure. Its shear strength and transforming characteristic also have itself characteristic.

本文针对山区矸石山，结合踏勘和现场试验，从分析矸石散体的力学特性以及渗流理论出发，研究了矸石山降雨入渗的分析理论与方法，在此基础上提出了矸石山体降雨作用下的稳定性评价方法，最后进行了降雨作用下典型矸石山滑坡工程实例研究，取得了以下研究成果：①对重庆山区中梁山、万盛、荣昌、天府、綦江等矿区代表性的矸石山进行详细踏勘，对矸石山的堆放形态及其区域的工程水文地质情况进行调查；针对重庆山区矸石山，测试矸石散体的颗粒级配、含水量、天然密度、干密度等参数、并在此基础上，通过现场剪切、压缩、渗透试验等研究矸石散体的力学特征。

Based on experimental data from laboratory and field experiments, the relationship between rainfall recharge and groundwater level under farmland drainage is analyzed in this paper.

以室内一维土柱试验和室外水平衡小区观测资料为基础，对农田排水条件下降雨入渗补给与地下水埋深关系进行了分析，根据降雨、蒸发与地下水埋深关系相似的规律，仿照国内外排水计算中较为广泛应用的阿维里扬诺夫经验公式的结构形式，建立起降雨入渗补给与地下水埋深的关系，并采用室内外试验资料对该关系式进行了验证。

Erin could bring heavy rains to a state that already has one of the rainiest summers on record.

同时，Erin风暴还将带来强降雨。这一降雨使得美国再造降雨最高记录。

The key technologies of Grid Method including grid divided in basin, impact radius of rainfall and number of reference rainfall stations have been discussed with example. The parameters of Grid Method have been selected through trial and error. Using simple random sampling to simulate the failure to collect rainfall, the relation between surface rainfall calculation error and station density, station distribution, uneven spatial distribution of rainfall has been sought.

论文探讨了流域网格剖分、降雨影响半径、搜索半径范围和参证站数量等关键技术，研究了网格法参数的优选，并采用简单随机抽样模拟降雨缺测情况，给出了面雨量计算误差与流域站网密度、均匀度、降雨分布不均匀性指标的关系。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。