降温的

It is found that,there are two types of interfacial cracking patterns of the ceramic coat: in the cooling process, mode Ⅰ is vulnerable to crack at the peak position of the cosine curve, and mode Ⅱ at the middle position; in the heating process, interface edges are introduced into the ceramic coat/substrate system as a result of the vertical cracks emergence, and the ceramic coat will transversely crack at these positions because of the stress concentration effect.

计算时对陶瓷层材料分别按理想线弹性本构和黏塑性本构模型开展了模拟。分析发现，陶瓷层的界面开裂存在两种模式：在降温过程中，陶瓷层容易出现界面波峰处的Ⅰ型开裂与腰部位置处的Ⅱ型开裂；在升温过程中，陶瓷层容易发生垂直开裂使结构中出现陶瓷层/基体的界面端，界面端部严重的应力集中效应使陶瓷层容易在该处横向开裂形成界面处的边裂纹。

This studies tested some different ways to slow down heat stress of Holstein cow in summer periods and to improve their milk performance by supplementation of NaHCO_3 and mini-nutritious compound and adoption of physical colling in cowhouse.

试验研究了淮南地区奶牛的发展现状及存在的主要问题，针对夏季高温对奶牛生产性能的不良影响，提出了在现有的饲养条件下，采用在奶牛饲粮中添加碳酸氢纳、微量营养复合添加剂以及物理降温等不同技术措施，以达到减缓季节高温对奶牛造成的不良影响，提高奶牛产奶性能的目的。

Numerical tests are also conducted to investigate the microphysical effects to the mesocale convective systems. The evaporation of raindrops can strengthen the surface "cold pool" to decease the temperature of rainfall center. The condensation of vapor can lower the air pressure and increase the convergence and updraft so that the convective echo develops stronger. The melting of graupel can cool the air to restrain the convective activity. The falling of precipitation particles can increase the downdraft and induce the outflow nearly the surface. The effect of condensation is the most important among all the microphysical processes. It can change the whole structure of cloud system.

微物理过程对对流系统发展和维持有重要作用：强降水的雨滴蒸发过程会加强"冷池"效应，同时增强了雨带南侧原有的地面中尺度辐合线；凝结潜热在低层诱发了与回波相应尺度的中尺度低压，增强了辐合和上升运动，促进对流发展；霰的融化吸热通过冷却大气会不利于气压下降、气流辐合抬升等过程，降低对流不稳定能量，减缓对流发展；重力拖曳使气块冷却降温，降低对流不稳定能量，并且使低层的气压升高、气流辐散，在近地面附近产生出流，加强地面中尺度辐合线的强度。

Our country firstly put forward such design principle of Qinghai-Tibet railway engineering as "lower temperature actively, reduce the heat into the subsoil, and assure the heat stability of frozen earth for the quality stability of construction", creatively adopt such corresponding measures of frozen earth construction problem as: for the poor frozen earth developing section, line should avoid as possible;for the geology of ice at high temperature and unstable frozen earth zone, the method of bridge instead of subgrade shall be adopted;in subgradeconstruction, such facilities as heat stick, rubble ventilation subgrade , rubble ventilation berm, ventilation pipe subgrade and laying heat preservation board etc shall be adopted to raise the stability of frozen earth subgrade;during the excavation of bridge, culvert , foundation pit and scouring prevention trough, creatively adopt single-tooth knapper and solve the problem of frozen earth excavation;during the construction of bridge and culvert, durable concrete and three-step maintenance method are adopted to assure the outside and inside beauty of structure.

我国在世界上首次提出"主动降温、减少传入地基土的热量、保证多年冻土的热稳定性，从而保证修筑在上面的工程质量的稳定性"的青藏铁路工程设计原则，创造性地采取了解决冻土施工难题的相应对策：对于不良冻土现象发育地段、线路尽量绕避；对于高温极不稳定冻土区的高含冰量地质，采取"以桥代路"的办法；在路基施工中采用了热棒、片石通风路基、片石通风护道、通风管路基、铺设保温板等多项设施，提高冻土路基的稳定性；在桥涵基坑、挡水埝基槽开挖中，创造性地应用了单齿破碎器，解决了冻土开挖难题；在桥涵工程施工中，采用了耐久性混凝土，采用了三步养生法，保证了结构物内实外美。

The detailed procedures of the method are as follows: the charging material of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is put into the crucible of an induction skull melter, heated and melted under the environment of high-purity argon and 400-700Pa pressure; pre-coated bars with the TiH2 of the weight accounting for 0.09 to 0.2 percent of the charging material are added in; when the hydrogen-contained titanium alloy in the crucible cools and the temperature drops below 300 DEG C, the charging material is vented off and cooled until the temperature equal to room temperature.

它的具体方法为：将Ti-6Al-4V合金的炉料装入感应凝壳熔炼炉的坩埚中，在压力为400～700Pa的高纯氩气环境中进行加热熔化；然后熔入含炉料质量0.09％～0.2％的TiH2的预制棒；当坩埚中含氢的钛合金逐渐冷却凝固并降温至300℃以下后，破真空，进一步冷却至室温。

After many years of hard work, the company is development and production of the "negative pressure fan Branch Mita","Branch Mita horn-type speaker type negative pressure air","Branch Mita wet curtain cooling system Product","Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Division Mita air-conditioning "and other series products, environmental protection, efficiency, energy saving ideas with the global results of the user's practice match, won the domestic and foreign markets and the credibility of the broad masses of customers favor.

经过多年的艰苦创业，公司现开发生产的"科美达负压风机"，"科美达喇叭型喇叭型负压风机"，"科美达湿帘降温系统产品"，"科美达节能环保空调"等系列产品的环保、高效、节能的理念与全球用户的实践检验结果相吻合，赢得了国内外市场广大客户的信誉和青睐。

Based on the overall temperature monitoring for frozen soil embankment with riprap slope protection and without riprap slope protection in Qingshuihe test section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway,the ground temperature,accumulated temperature and the maximum thawing depth variation in temperature field of these two kinds of embankments were analyzed.

通过对青藏铁路清水河试验段片石护坡、无片石护坡的冻土路堤和地基的温度进行的全面监测，对比分析了路堤体内及基底的地温、积温及温度场中最大融化深度的变化情况，结果表明，采用片石护坡措施的试验路堤，与对比段相比，降温效果明显。

To sum up, the research for the first time ascertained INA species in apricot trees and their activities by using the rational method to imatate the temperature dropping process in frost nights--computer temperature controlling with semiconductor cooling and artificial frost box with self-recording. Studies were given to responds of INA to freezing temperature of floral organs, biochemical cold resistance parameters, contents of ABA and IAA, chlorophyll fluorescent parameters of young fruits and tissue structure and ultrastructure of apricot. The mechnism of INA induced frost injury of apricot was found out. And it was demonstrated that INA is a critical factor in the inducing and aggravation frost injury of apricot floral organs.

综上所述，本研究采用能够准确模拟自然界霜夜降温过程的较为理想的方法——半导体致冷电脑控温和自动记录的人工霜箱，首次查明了10个杏树品种上INA细菌种类和冰核活性，从INA细菌对杏树花器官过冷却点、抗寒生理生化指标、激素ABA、IAA含量、幼果叶绿素荧光参数以及组织结构和超微结构的影响等方面进行了系统深入的研究，阐明了INA细菌诱发杏树霜冻害的机理，证明了INA细菌是诱发和加重杏花霜冻害的重要因素。

Iligrana is used to make crystal glass with fine oblique lines.it is fired at the high temperature of 1400°C when the glass is melted into semifluid like malt sugar.At that time, it has excellent plasticity,but the temperature will drop rapidly,so the master should finish the procedures within 20 seconds,including overturning,pulling, shape and so on. What the masters uses are traditional tools and original technologies,but the process is so quick that it looks like a magic.

ILIGRANA是属于斜细纹的水晶玻璃杯，在1400度的高温下烧制，玻璃呈现似麦芽糖的半流体状，有很大的可塑性，但因其降温急速，技师需在20秒内做完翻转、拉塑等吹制过程，而技师们凭着的，仅只是传统不过的工具和沿传多年独到的技艺、恍如魔术般的快手。

As always, we finish this double test of portables with a small noise test.the question of noise is particularly delicate,Measured using a sonometer the sound effects of the MSI S271 and Alienware mALX were compared with their predecessors, the MSI S260 and Alienware Area-51m.we can put that on the account thatthe video card are more developed,more powerful, requires of course more power and then significant cooling .

一如既往，我们说完这双重考验笔记本电脑的一小部位的噪音问题，噪音是特别微妙，而采用sonometer的音效的微星s271和alienwaremalx人相比他们的前辈，微星的s260和alienware面积51m.we可以提出，对到视频卡，更加发达，更加强大，当然需要更多的权力，然后大幅降温。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。