降水

Using successive regression and GIS technique, the regression equations of the precipitation and the topographical data in the upper-middle reaches of Yangtze River are established based on the 10 years daily、 mensal and annual precipitation of 613 meteorological stations, from 1992 to 2001. The topographical data include the elevation, aspect and slope form DEM of 4km resolution.

本文首先利用逐步回归和地理信息技术，最新的长江中上游613个气象站，1992～2001年10年降水资料，建立了日、月、年降水与4km分辨率的DEM高程、坡向、坡度等地形数据的回归方程，将降水量中地形影响部分分离出来。

Dry spring weather, less rainfall, often 5,6-northerly winds or southerly wind, temperatures rise faster in April; summer, Temperature and Humidity airstream affected by the ocean, 6,7,8 three months of the year precipitation precipitation 63 to 70 percent; fall, the influence of high pressure Mongolia, sunny weather, the temperature moderate and pleasant weather, late autumn and more northeasterly winds, cold weather in winter, the Siberian cold high impact, the prevailing northwest wind, cold and dry climate, Shaoyang weather, less rainfall.

春季气候干燥，降水量少，常有5、6级偏北风或偏南风，4月份气温回升快；夏季，受海洋温湿气流影响，6、7、8三个月降水占全年降水量的63%-70%；秋季，受蒙古高压影响，晴朗少雨，温度适中，气候宜人，深秋多东北风，有寒潮天气发生；冬季，受西伯利亚冷高压的影响，盛行西北风，气候寒冷干燥，天气晴朗少云，降水少。

Based on the monthly precipitation data of thirteen meteorological stations in Tianjin in recent 50 years,using regression analysis,trend analysis and five-year moving average method,the change characteristics of precipitation were analyzed.

根据天津市13个气象站近50年的实测月降水资料，运用回归分析、趋势分析和5年滑动平均等方法，分析了天津市近50年来降水变化特征。

The results of numerical experiments, using the four-dimensional variational data assimilation system of the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5, show that: the tangent linear model and adjoint model conducted by keeping the "on-off" switches the same as the basic state, can provide a good approximation of the first-order information to the NLM perturbation and a good descent direction for the minimization procedure; switching on and off at every other time step in the Kuo cumulus parameterization scheme don"t impact the convergence rate of cost function; the existence of the switches don"t impact improvement to the MM5 model rainfall prediction because that not only specific humidity ,but also wind, temperature and pressure are assimilated into the model.

非静力中尺度数值模式MM5的四维变分资料同化系统进行的数值试验结果表明："开关"变量保持与基态一致，所构造的切向线性模式能够提供关于非线性模式扰动的一阶近似，伴随模式所计算的梯度值能够为最小化过程提供较好的下降方向；郭氏降水参数化方案中对流每隔一个积分步的交替发生并不影响目标函数最小化的收敛速度；"开关"变量的存在也不影响将风、温度、气压和比湿结合起来同化对MM5降水预报准确性的提高。

It is presented that indirect assimilation experiment of CMW data from TCFM method improves effectively not only on vertical velocity field but for precipitation.4 Based on theory analysis, E-Ir relationship is brought forward with two electrification mechanisms. One is inductive mechanism, i.e., cloud particles collide with precipitation particles then flick away, the other is noninductive mechanism because of different temperature, i.e., bigger supercooled cloud particles collide and freeze with hail particles combined with ice scraps. By means of CINRAD and FY2C data assimilation, precipitation intensity Ir can be obtained, then electric field intensity E, discharge time and locations can be achieved with supposed threshold 300KV/m. Though it can not distinguish between IC (Intra-Cloud) lightning and CG (Cloud-to-Ground) lightning, results are still comparable to LLS observations.5 Example analysis shows that the relationship between precipitation data from AMS and CG data from LLS is not very clear.

同化实验对于台风眼区的螺旋形雨带贡献显著，说明TCFM云导风资料同化实验不仅有效调整了模式的垂直速度场，还对降水模拟有了明显改善。4通过理论分析，利用云粒子与极化降水粒子碰撞并弹离的感应起电机制和较大过冷云滴与雹粒碰冻并产生冰屑的温差起电机制下得到的E-Ir，由雷达、卫星遥感资料直接和间接同化模拟得到Ir，来反推E，了解雷暴云中闪电强度的平面分布，设置放电阈值为300KV/m，推算出放电的位置和首次发生闪电的时间。

In the second cycle (late July-late September), precipitation and west wind extend northeastward, precipitation become strong and this time is the most prosperous period of WNPSM.

到了第二循环(7月下旬—9月下旬)季风降水和西风都明显向东向北推进，降水强度增大，是西北太平洋夏季风的强盛时期。

The landfall process of typhoon khanun which affect East China Seriously was simulated by using MM5 model and the track, the precipitation of typhoon are successfully reproduced, then through sensitive tests, the effect of zhejiang orography and mechanism are analyzed.

以2005年严重影响我国华东地区的登陆台风Khanun为研究对象，在用MM5模式成功模拟台风登陆前后时段路径和降水的基础上，通过地形敏感性试验，分析了地形对台风路径、强度和降水的影响及其机理。

Based on the empirical orthogonal function and singular value decomposition method the spatial distribution and time variation of soil temperatures in the plateau are analysed.

运用EOF方法分析了各层地温的时空特征，并对不同时段的地温场和降水场进行SVD分解，并讨论了前期地温变化，尤其是10cm地温变化与我区降水之间的关系。

Applying convection equation describing local precipitation anomaly system and real-time meteorological observatory data, the nonlinear oscillation equation describing Kunming precipitation anomaly system was derived and retrieved.

从描述局地降水距平率系统的对流方程和实际气象观测资料出发，导出并反演了描述昆明局地降水距平率系统的非线性振荡方程。

The major results indicate that the new method of surface wind observation operator has positive impact on forecast with GRAPES model.

将此新方案与目前GRAPES系统使用的三次样条插值的地面同化方案进行高度场预报试验、统计试验以及降水预报的TS评分比较，结果表明，加入新方案地面风场资料同化后，预报效果和对降水的预报能力都比旧方案有所提高。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。