降水

Furthermore data assimilation experiments are conducted with MM5 Adjoint-model Assimilation System made by adjoint codes. With a case of heavy rainfall taking place from 00h July 23 to 00h July 24,2002, several numerical simulation experiments of different schemes are performed. The results are as follows. MM5 Adjoint-model Assimilation System not only can improve the initial field effectively and promote the coordination with the model but also can enhance the forecast on the precipitation and other elements. The assimilation of CDW has an improvement on quality of upper wind. The effect of direct numerical simulation with utilizing the CDW to amend the initial field gains the advantage over the one not.

结果表明，MM5伴随模式同化系统能有效改善初始场与模式的协调能力，提高模式对于降水场和其它要素场的预报；使用云导风资料修正初始场后直接模拟的效果比未使用时直接模拟的效果要好，对部分区域的强降水预报精度有一定程度的改善；使用伴随模式同化系统后，加入云导风资料的同化试验对其它要素的改善与直接同化常规资料的效果相比，改善优势不明显，但从各要素的误差来看，对于风场的改善最好。

The climate characteristics of TCP were analyzed with variance analysis,trend coefficient and linear regression technique,followed by comparison with those of annal total rainfall in East China.Results show that the spatial distribution of TC rainfall is not uniform in East China with the...

结果表明：华东地区登陆台风降水量空间分布不均匀，福建东南沿海地区最大，具有向西北方向递减的趋势，这种趋势与地形等因素有关；TCP的年际变化明显，9 a和15 a周期显著；TCP年代际变化表现为20世纪50年代最多，70年代前开始减少，比华北地区台风降水减少出现的时间提早10 a；TCP与总降水两者的时间演变特点差异较大。

Partitioning the detail vegetation types, in the agricultural vegetation, annual harvest crop had a strongest sensitivity to precipitation, the follow was temperature and evaporation. Biannual harvest crop part of which could be irrigated or biyearly tri-harvest dry crop had a strongest sensitivity to temperature, the follow was precipitation and evaporation.

具体分植被类型来讲，农业植被中：一年一熟粮作植被对水分的敏感性最强，温度、蒸发次之；大部分具备灌溉条件的一年两熟或者两年三熟旱作农业植被，也对温度最敏感，对降水、蒸发的敏感性要弱一些；一年水旱两熟粮作植被对温度最敏感，蒸发、降水次之。

The research indicated that the variation of rain acidity,acid rain frequency and the equivalent concentration ratio of the chief anion ions to positive ones all presented conspicuous ascending trend,the chemical component of the rain was primarily influenced by the acidic gas and marine...

研究表明，深圳市降水酸性、酸雨频率以及酸碱离子当量浓度比值都呈显著的上升趋势，降水的化学成分主要受到社会经济活动产生的酸性气体以及海盐成分的影响，深圳及珠三角地区二氧化硫和氮氧化物排放量的增加是酸雨日益严重的重要原因。

Focusing on the concept of the climate levels and space reconstruction, we establish a local approximation prediction model with the compound configuration, using the north Indian Ocean sea surface temperature、 Asian zonal circulation index and 37 stations′ winter precipitation anomaly in Inner Mongolia and then use this model to test the predictability of winter precipitation anomaly.

根据气候"层次"概念和重构状态空间理论，利用北印度洋海温、亚洲纬向环流指数以及内蒙古地区的37个测站逐月降水距平百分率的历史资料，建立具有复合结构的局域相似预测模型，并用该模型对内蒙古地区的冬季降水进行预测试验。

It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China.

同时，该变化对中国东部近海地区的温度和降水产生明显的影响，尤其是对降水的影响。

The curtain for cutting off water in well point recharging system is an economic and suitable way, which has positive influence on reducing the sink of surrounding resulted from dropping water in foundation and has a wide prospect in its usage.

井点回灌系统截水帷幕是利用回灌井点，在基坑降水的同时对地层补水，由于回灌压力的作用形成截水帷幕，阻挡保护区内地下水的流失，使基坑周围一定范围内的地下水保持动态平衡；井点回灌系统截水帷幕是一种经济适用的截水帷幕施工方法，它对减少由基坑降水引起的周围地面沉降具有积极的工程意义和广泛的应用前景。

The results showed that temperature and precipitation had significantly increased in the drainage basin in the mid-1980s. Climate was the warmest in the 1990s among the recent 50 years.

结果表明：流域气温和降水均在20世纪80年代中期发生了跳跃式的突变，且自20世纪80年代中期以来气温和降水均保持较高的增长趋势，90年代成为近半个世纪以来最温暖的10a。

P in Shule River Alluvial Fan Oasis in Gansu subsidized by CNSF. Through field geological and environmental observations and sampling, quartz OSL dating, organic carbon ~(14)C dating, as well as analysis of TOC,grain size and Pollen assemblage of the samples from ten sediment profiles in front fine grain sediment zone of the Shule River Fan, the results obtained as follows:(1)The vegetation evolution history on Shule River Alluvial Fan and circumjacent since about 13 ka B.P. could be divided into 6 phases: about 12.1-13.1ka, a sparse coniferous and broadleaf trees - shrub grassland, cold and wet climate; 9.2-12.1ka, shrub grassland, temperature rising but precipitation and humidity getting down; 5.8-9.2ka, sparse forest with the most flourish shrub grassland under the optimal climate; 4.3-5.8ka, coniferous and broadleaf mixed forests -shrub grassland, temperature rising slightly and getting dry; 4.3-2.8ka, grass vegetation and climate became more dry; 2.8-2.3ka, coniferous forests -shrub grassland, precipitation and temperature getting down, but a higher relative humidity.

本文依托于&甘肃疏勒河冲积扇5万年来古天气环境与古水文演化&项目，以疏勒河冲积扇为研究对象，通过对疏勒河冲积扇扇缘细土带全新世古天气和古水文演变进行了20余个剖面的观测和取样、石英OSL和~(14)C测年、粒度组成和TOC分析以及孢粉鉴定，获得了以下成果和熟悉：(1)距今约13ka年来冲积扇和周边植被演化经历了6个阶段：约13.1～12.1ka，以针叶林为主的针阔混交林～灌丛草原，天气冷湿；12.1～9.2ka，灌丛草原，气温升高，降水量较低；9.2～5.8ka，疏林灌木草原，植被茂盛，温度和降水最佳；5.8～4.3ka，以针叶树为主的针阔混交林～灌丛草原，气温较高，降水减少；4.3～2.8ka，草原植被，天气变干；2.8～2.3ka，针叶林～灌木草原，降水减少，温度降低，相对湿度有所增加。

The spatial distribution of current extreme precipitation and extreme value with a return period indicate that extreme precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest, there is also a high value in Two-lakes basin, HuangHai bay and Liaotung peninsula.

从当前极端降水分布和给定重现期的极端降水的空间分布来看，我国东部极端降水的区域差异较大，总体上是由东南向西北递减，两湖盆地、黄海海湾及辽东半岛也有高值分布。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。